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There are many respiratory diseases in children in winter, among which influenza virus is one of the common pathogens. On the questions that parents and friends are concerned about, the National Children’s Medical Center Beijing Children’s Hospital answered authoritatively.

1. What are the typical symptoms of influenza?

Children infected with influenza virus can show fever, chills, headache, myalgia and general malaise, often accompanied by respiratory diseases such as cough, sore throat and runny nose. The degree of fever in young children may be heavier, and some children may also have febrile convulsions; In addition, they will have more gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and poor appetite. Very few children infected with influenza may develop into severe influenza, causing laryngitis, pneumonia, encephalopathy, myocarditis and so on.

2. How does the flu spread and how long is the incubation period?

Influenza virus can spread from person to person through respiratory droplets (such as sneezing, coughing and talking) or after polluting the surface of objects. Influenza viruses can also spread through small air particles released by influenza patients when they breathe. Influenza patients are the main source of infection. The incubation period of influenza is generally 1-7 days, and most of them are 2-4 days.

3. How long is the general course of influenza and what is the change of the course?

For children without basic diseases, the course of influenza virus infection is acute and self-limited, and most symptoms disappear in about 2-3 days after onset. Some children’s fever lasts for 5 days, and most patients recover within 1 week, but cough may last for a long time, and fatigue and fatigue of a few elderly children (over seven or eight years old) may last for several weeks.

4. How to distinguish the flu from the common cold?

The full name of the flu is called "influenza", and you may think it is similar to the common cold, but the flu and the common cold cannot be confused.

The common cold can be caused by many pathogens, among which viruses are the most common, including rhinovirus, adenovirus, metapneumovirus, bocavirus, etc. Bacteria and mycoplasma can also cause the common cold. The symptoms of the common cold are mild, usually low-to-moderate fever, which lasts for 1-2 days, and may be accompanied by other catarrhal symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, stuffy nose and slight cough, while the systemic symptoms such as chills, headache and joint muscle pain are very mild. Generally, there are no serious complications.

Influenza is mainly caused by influenza A and B virus infection, with high fever, severe systemic symptoms such as chills, headache and joint muscle pain. A few influenza patients may have complications such as rhabdomyolysis, pneumonia, encephalitis and encephalopathy.

In the flu season, children with flu-like symptoms, especially those with a history of contact with influenza patients, should first consider influenza virus infection, which can be diagnosed by influenza virus antigen detection or influenza virus nucleic acid detection.

5. How is the flu generally treated?

After being infected with influenza virus, the treatment measures include antiviral and symptomatic treatment.

Anti-influenza drugs: At present, the oral antiviral drugs for influenza virus are mainly neuraminidase inhibitors, commonly used drugs include oseltamivir and mabaloxavir, and intravenous drugs include paramivir. Once you have the flu, the sooner you use anti-influenza drugs, the better, especially within 48 hours of onset. However, even if the course of the disease exceeds 48 hours, once the flu is confirmed, you should actively use drugs.

Symptomatic treatment measures: mainly to reduce fever and relieve discomfort. You can choose antipyretics scientifically, and you can also use some drugs to relieve symptoms such as cough and stuffy nose. It should be noted that the pharmaceutical ingredients of some compound preparations may overlap with other therapeutic drugs, and the combined use may cause an excessive amount of one ingredient and cause adverse reactions in children.

6. Is there any specific medicine for influenza and can it be prevented by drugs?

Oseltamivir is an antiviral drug specifically for influenza virus, which can shorten the duration of clinical symptoms. However, it is not recommended that children take anti-influenza drugs as soon as they have a fever, because there are many respiratory pathogens that cause fever, and oseltamivir is only effective for influenza.

The best way to prevent influenza virus is to actively vaccinate. If there is no contraindication, people over 6 months are advised to actively vaccinate against influenza. For children with high risk of severe influenza or influenza complications, who are contraindicated by influenza vaccine or have not been vaccinated (or within 2 weeks after vaccination), drug prevention should be considered. Drug prevention can reduce but not eliminate the risk of influenza, and the susceptibility to influenza will be restored after drug withdrawal. Therefore, routine drug prevention for children is not recommended.

7. Are azithromycin and other antibacterial drugs useful for influenza?

Antibacterials, including azithromycin, are ineffective against viral infection. However, if there is a mixed infection of influenza virus and bacteria or mycoplasma, doctors will also consider the use of anti-influenza drugs combined with antibacterial drugs.

8. Fever is one of the typical symptoms of children. What misunderstandings should be avoided in home care?

The main purpose of taking antipyretics for children is not to reduce the body temperature to normal, but to increase the comfort of children and let them spend the fever period comfortably and safely.

First of all, you can’t take two antipyretics at the same time, which will increase the burden on your child’s liver and kidney and cause adverse reactions; It is also not recommended to use the two antipyretics alternately, because it can not increase the antipyretic effect, but may mistake the time and even lead to overdose.

Secondly, when parents choose antipyretics for their children, they should not only choose drugs suitable for their age, but also read the instructions carefully, and give them to their children in strict accordance with the instructions, paying attention to the dosage and time interval. Remember not to increase the dosage or frequency at will because the child’s body temperature has not dropped to normal.

Finally, if you give your child a compound cold preparation at the same time, you must read the drug ingredient list to avoid duplication with other drugs being used, such as antipyretics. If there is duplication, please use it with caution to avoid overdose.

In daily life, children should be kept in a regular routine to ensure adequate sleep; In terms of diet, we should pay attention to nutrition, have a balanced diet, eat more fruits and vegetables and drink more water. At the same time, avoid the family environment being too dry and ensure the humidity, which is conducive to the recovery of children. Parents should also pay attention to the fact that children should neither cover up their fever nor let them catch cold again. Parents should maintain a peaceful attitude, pay attention to their children’s fever, and don’t be overly anxious, carefully observe their children’s situation and help them recover as soon as possible.

9. I am particularly worried about my child’s febrile convulsion. What should I do if there is febrile convulsion?

If the child has a febrile convulsion, parents must keep calm and don’t panic: (1) Let the child lie on his side or tilt his head to one side, and clean up things with sharp corners around him to ensure that the child will not be hurt when the convulsion occurs. (2) When convulsions occur, don’t stuff anything into the child’s mouth, and don’t feed anything, and don’t try to stop twitching by pressing the limbs. (3) Record the duration and seizure characteristics of convulsions. If the duration of convulsions exceeds 5 minutes or the status quo of convulsions has occurred in the past, call an ambulance. In most cases, febrile convulsions will stop within 5 minutes.

10. What happens that requires timely medical treatment?

Most children with influenza are mild patients, so they can take care of them at home. However, if the following situations occur, they should seek medical attention in time: children who have been diagnosed with influenza have high fever or fever for more than three days, poor mental health or even consciousness disorder, shortness of breath/dyspnea, chest pain, blue skin on the lips, frequent vomiting or diarrhea, convulsions, refusal to eat, scanty urine or urine turning red, and obvious muscle pain; Or if the symptoms are repeated, such as fever again after the flu symptoms are relieved, you need to seek medical advice in time to avoid aggravation and even danger.

11. Which children are at high risk of severe influenza?

High-risk children with severe influenza include: children under 5 years old, especially children under 2 years old; There are basic diseases, such as asthma, tumor, kidney disease, immunodeficiency, taking immunosuppressive drugs, etc.; Obese children are also high-risk groups. When high-risk people have fever during the influenza epidemic season, they should attach great importance to it and seek medical treatment as soon as possible. Once influenza virus infection is considered, antiviral treatment should be started as soon as possible. If there are no contraindications, people at high risk of severe influenza should be actively vaccinated before the flu season begins.

12. Will you get the flu if you are infected with mycoplasma pneumonia recently?

I will. Because the body’s resistance will decrease when it is infected, it may be easy to be infected with other pathogens. Measures to prevent cross-infection include paying attention to self-protection, trying not to take children to crowded places, especially places with poor air circulation, during the high incidence season of respiratory diseases; Pay attention to open the window regularly for ventilation indoors, and isolate it from the sick family if possible; Pay attention to hand hygiene and remind children not to touch their eyes, nose and mouth with unclean hands.

13. Will children have sequelae after the flu?

Most children will not leave sequelae after being infected with the flu. However, after the flu temperature is normal, cough and runny nose may last for a week or even longer. The treatment is mainly symptomatic, keeping the air moist and promoting airway recovery. If cough seriously affects rest, you can take some antitussive drugs under the guidance of a doctor. Some children may have chronic cough due to airway hyperresponsiveness, especially those with eczema and wheezing history, and can be given medication under the guidance of a doctor.

14. How to prevent the spread of influenza in schools and families?

Schools should organize and mobilize students and faculty to get flu vaccine before the flu season begins; It is necessary to strengthen health education for students and their families, help and urge students to develop good hygiene habits, such as washing hands frequently and maintaining environmental hygiene; The classroom should be ventilated regularly; The school monitors students’ body temperature to find sick children in time; Once students are infected with influenza virus, they should rest at home and not go to school with illness; Attach importance to students’ physical exercise and enhance their physique and disease resistance.

Children suffering from influenza should ensure adequate rest, balanced nutrition, drink plenty of water and eat easily digestible food at home; Family members should maintain good hygienic living habits, pay attention to environmental hygiene and cough etiquette. If possible, we should try our best to isolate ourselves from sick family members; If you can’t isolate, you should wear a mask for protection. In addition, the indoor window should be ventilated regularly, but we should pay attention to keep warm in winter to avoid catching cold.

Authors: Zhao Guangyuan, the attending physician of emergency medicine in Beijing Children’s Hospital.

Audit: Wang Quan, Director of Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Children’s Hospital

CCTV News:According to the data released by China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing today (October 8th), the e-commerce logistics market, which is closely related to online consumption, rebounded significantly in the traditional peak consumption season. In September, the e-commerce logistics index of China rose to the second highest point in the year.

In September, China’s e-commerce logistics index was 108.1 points, 3.9 points higher than last month, and the index level was close to the high of 108.9 points in February this year. Among them, the total business volume of e-commerce logistics returned to more than 20% year-on-year. The business volume of e-commerce in all regions of the country has increased, among which the eastern region has the largest rebound.

From the perspective of logistics service ability, the indexes such as logistics timeliness and performance rate have all stopped falling and rebounded, indicating that the efficiency of logistics supply has been further improved.

From the perspective of employment, the e-commerce logistics personnel index hit a new high in September, indicating that the market demand for e-commerce employees is strong. In addition, the logistics business volume of rural e-commerce rebounded significantly and achieved double-digit growth.

Liu Yuhang, Director of China Logistics Information Center:E-commerce logistics is more active, and the recovery speed is faster. The online retail sales of physical (physical) goods and the business volume of express delivery enterprises have a new growth.

China’s water resources are in serious shortage, and the contradiction of agricultural water use is becoming increasingly prominent. To develop modern agriculture, change the mode of agricultural development, promote disaster prevention and reduction, and achieve stable and increased agricultural production, we must vigorously develop water-saving agriculture. In order to implement this year’s central governmentoneDocumentNo. and the spirit of the instructions of the CPC Central Committee and the leading comrades of the State Council on vigorously developing water-saving agriculture, and accelerating the sound and rapid development of water-saving agriculture, this opinion is formulated.

First, fully understand the great significance of developing water-saving agriculture

Agriculture stands on soil, prospers with fertilizer and prospers with water. Water is one of the most scarce agricultural resources, and it is also a key factor restricting the sustainable development of agriculture. Agricultural departments at all levels should fully understand the significance of water-saving agriculture in ensuring national food security and changing the mode of agricultural development, earnestly enhance their sense of responsibility and urgency, seize the opportunity, and accelerate the development of water-saving agriculture.

(A) The contradiction of agricultural water shortage is becoming more and more prominent.China’s total water resources only account for the world’s.6%Per capita is less than a quarter of the world average. Agricultural water consumption is about3600Billion cubic meters, the proportion of water from1997Annual69.7%Drop to the current61.3%About, reduced200Billion cubic meters. With the population growth, especially the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, the contradiction of water use between workers and peasants and between urban and rural areas has further increased, and the difficulty of ensuring agricultural irrigation water has been increasing. At present, the irrigation area of farmland in China9.05100 million mu, irrigation water gap300More than 100 million cubic meters. According to the national water resources development plan, the future15The annual agricultural water consumption will maintain zero growth, and the situation of agricultural water shortage is becoming increasingly severe.

(2) The threat of drought to agricultural production is increasing.With the global warming, the frequency, scope and severity of drought in China are getting higher and higher, and the threat of drought and water shortage to agricultural production is getting bigger and bigger. Drought has become the normal state that affects the development of grain and agricultural production, and the sustainable development of agriculture is facing a serious threat. near10In recent years, the average annual drought area in China has beenfourAbout 100 million mu, which is the last century.50S more than twice, the average annual disaster area.2More than 100 million mu, grain loss due to drought.600More than 100 million Jin. Therefore, we must take the development of water-saving agriculture as a revolutionary measure and explore a way to use water reasonably and efficiently.

(3) The potential of developing water-saving agriculture is increasingly apparent.At present, all over the country9.05Of the 100 million mu of irrigation area, the water-saving area of engineering facilities only accounts for.44.3%; exist23Agronomic water-saving area accounts for only 100 million mu of crop planting area.17.4%. The utilization rate of agricultural water in China is lower than that in developed countries.twentyAccording to the calculation of relevant experts, by popularizing water-saving technology in farmland, it can save water in wheat and rice production in irrigation areas.360The potential of 100 million cubic meters is equivalent to the new irrigation area.8200Ten thousand mu, increase production per mu.300Jin grain calculation can increase grain production capacity.246Billions of Jin. Improving the utilization rate of natural precipitation in dry farming areas has the following advantages.260100 million cubic meters of potential. At the same time, the grain production efficiency of irrigation water will be improved by popularizing farmland water-saving technology.0.1kilogram/Cubic meters, the grain production efficiency of precipitation per millimeter in dry areas is improved.0.1kilogram/Mu, can increase grain production capacity.1000More than 100 million Jin is equivalent to the national goal of increasing grain output by 100 billion Jin.

(D) The policy of developing water-saving agriculture is getting stronger and stronger.The CPC Central Committee attaches great importance to the work of water-saving agriculture, and has issued a series of supporting policies in recent years to promote the development of water-saving agriculture. In the face of the drought in southwest China the year before last, arrangements were madethree100 million yuan was used for the popularization of plastic film mulching technology, and it was arranged last year.five100 million yuan for plastic film mulching in northwest China. All localities responded positively, integrated resources, increased investment, and made overall planning and coordination to form a joint force. According to incomplete statistics, the whole society invests as much money in water-saving agriculture every year.50More than 100 million yuan. The development situation of water-saving agriculture is getting better and better, the atmosphere is getting stronger and stronger, the policies are getting stronger and stronger, and the agricultural water-saving technology modes such as full film mulching and drip irrigation under film are becoming more and more mature, which has created rare opportunities and conditions for planning large projects, building large demonstration areas and popularizing and applying new water-saving agricultural technologies in a large area.

Two, accurately grasp the guiding ideology and objectives and tasks of developing water-saving agriculture.

Agricultural departments at all levels should further clarify the working ideas of developing water-saving agriculture, clarify the objectives and tasks, highlight regional characteristics, and accelerate development.

(5) Guiding ideology.Adhere to the guidance of Scientific Outlook on Development, according to the requirements of building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society and accelerating the transformation of agricultural development mode, firmly establish the concept of "saving water and increasing production, saving water and increasing efficiency", comprehensively apply engineering, agronomy, biology, management and other measures according to the law of crop water demand and the characteristics of agricultural water resources utilization, accelerate technology integration, and demonstrate and popularize water-saving agricultural technology on a larger scale and at a higher level with the construction of demonstration areas as a platform; Establish an investment mechanism led by the government and widely participated by all sectors of society, and greatly increase the investment in farmland water saving; Further strengthen the construction of functions and means, establish and improve the national soil moisture monitoring network system, and establish and improve the grass-roots water-saving agricultural extension service system. Gradually form a water-saving agricultural policy system, technical system and working system, strengthen classified guidance, improve the optimal allocation of water resources and water production efficiency, and provide strong support for ensuring food security and changing agricultural development mode.

(6) development goals.According to the principle of optimized layout and overall promotion, during the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the National Modern Agriculture Demonstration Park was established and built nationwide.100A distinctive, large-scale water-saving agricultural core demonstration area, the new water-saving agricultural technology demonstration and promotion areaoneOne hundred million mu, irrigation water and natural precipitation production efficiency improved.10%. By vigorously developing water-saving agriculture, the overall goal of "one promotion, two alleviation and three improvement" will be realized, namely: promoting grain production and increasing farmers’ income; Alleviate the contradiction of water shortage in agricultural production and the threat of drought to agricultural production; Improve water productivity, improve agricultural drought resistance and disaster reduction capacity, and improve the comprehensive production capacity of cultivated land.

(7) Basic principles.Based on the field, comprehensive support. The key link of water-saving agriculture is in the field, and grasping farmland water-saving will grasp the foundation of water-saving agriculture. Strengthen the integrated application of engineering, equipment, agronomy, biology, chemistry and management measures in the field, and establish a comprehensive water-saving technical system of "storage-collection-protection-saving-use". Highlight key points and demonstrate. Highlight the key areas, main promotion modes, leading crops and key technologies of water-saving agriculture, strengthen integrated assembly, demonstration and radiation-driven, strive to produce scale effect, and gradually form a new pattern of water-saving agriculture with obvious benefits and unique characteristics. According to local conditions, classified guidance. According to the situation of water resources, crop distribution and farming system, the development plan and work plan of water-saving agriculture are formulated according to local conditions. According to the type of cultivated land soil, climate characteristics, water demand law of crops, etc., strengthen classification guidance and scientific management. Government-led, multi-party participation. Give full play to the leading role of the government in developing water-saving agriculture, strengthen policy support and capital investment, co-ordinate a number of resources, and give full play to the comprehensive effect of project funds. Encourage enterprises, farmers and all sectors of society to actively participate, and form a good situation of promoting the development of water-saving agriculture at multiple levels and through multiple channels.

Third, determine the regional main push technology model according to local conditions

To develop water-saving agriculture, it is necessary to integrate key technologies, make clear the main mode and achieve key breakthroughs.

(eight) the "three North" regional technology model.The northwest, north China and northeast China are seriously short of water resources, with less precipitation and large evaporation. Drought and water shortage have become the main bottleneck of agricultural development, and the annual output fluctuates greatly due to drought. These areas actively develop corn, potatoes, cotton and other staple crops mainly by popularizing and applying water-saving agricultural technologies. In areas without irrigation conditions, water storage and moisture conservation should be carried out simultaneously, and soil reservoirs should be built through conservation tillage, subsoiling and soil improvement to improve water storage and water conservation capacity; Rational development of drought-resistant small water sources, popularization of drought-resistant sowing with water, scientific application of drought-resistant agents and water-retaining agents to solve the problem of drought-resistant seedlings in spring; Vigorously promote plastic film and straw mulching technology to achieve rainwater harvesting and moisture conservation; In areas with irrigation conditions, we will vigorously develop high-efficiency water-saving technologies such as drip irrigation under film, micro-irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, rainwater harvesting and supplementary irrigation, water and fertilizer integration, and water-saving mechanization in dry farming.

(9) Technical model of main wheat producing areas in Huanghuaihai.The resource water shortage and engineering water shortage coexist in the main wheat producing areas of Huang-Huai-Hai, water shortage and waste coexist, flood irrigation is more common, groundwater is seriously over-exploited, and the contradiction of water use is increasingly prominent. The key point is to popularize soil moisture measurement and irrigation saving technology, improve irrigation system and optimize water delivery and irrigation methods. Through the monitoring of soil moisture, the irrigation scheme is scientifically formulated, and the technical modes such as "Xiaobailong" water conveyance, "Little Dilong" sprinkler irrigation and changing long border into short border are mainly popularized and applied. Focus on the production of horticultural crops such as fruits and vegetables, and vigorously promote the integration technology of micro-irrigation and fertilizer. In suitable areas, conservation tillage should be implemented, and soil moisture conservation measures such as subsoiling and suppression, hoeing and mulching should be adopted to improve soil moisture storage capacity.

(10) Technology model in southern China.The precipitation in southern China is abundant, but the spatial and temporal distribution is uneven, and the terrain is complex, and the engineering water shortage is more prominent. In recent years, the frequency of seasonal drought is getting higher and higher, and the threat of drought and water shortage to agricultural production is increasing. In seasonal arid areas, the key points are to strengthen the construction of slope to ladder, field rainwater collection, irrigation and drainage facilities, and enhance the capacity of water storage and water transfer. Around corn, potatoes and other crops, technologies such as plastic film mulching, biological mulching and rainwater harvesting and supplementary irrigation are mainly promoted. Develop efficient water-saving technology with modern micro-sprinkler irrigation and water and fertilizer integration as the core on economic horticultural crops. Popularize techniques such as shallow wet and thin sun irrigation and controlled irrigation in paddy fields to promote the coupling of water and fertilizer.

Four, earnestly do the key work of water-saving agriculture.

During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, agricultural departments at all levels should base themselves on the existing foundation and promote the development of water-saving agriculture from the aspects of facility construction, technology popularization, rational planting and scientific drought resistance.

(eleven) to strengthen infrastructure construction.Seize the favorable opportunity that the state attaches great importance to farmland water conservancy construction, integrate resources and strengthen the construction of water-saving agricultural infrastructure in the field. Combined with the construction of high-standard farmland, we will strengthen the construction of cultivated land quality, improve the guarantee conditions of farmland water sources, and form a new pattern of water-saving agriculture integrating storage, protection, collection, saving and use. In combination with the organization and implementation of projects such as the field project of adding 100 billion Jin of grain production capacity nationwide, the demonstration project of dry farming water-saving agriculture and the popularization of dry farming science and technology, we will strengthen the construction of water-saving micro-projects and supporting facilities in the field and improve the ability of farmland to store water and preserve moisture. Combined with farmland water conservancy construction and comprehensive agricultural development, we will comprehensively improve the ability of farmland to resist disasters and reduce disasters and continuously increase production of cultivated land.

(twelve) to speed up the demonstration and popularization of technology.Carry out in-depth demonstration activities of water-saving agriculture and establish a demonstration platform. Make full use of platforms such as the establishment of high yield of grain, cotton, oil and sugar and the establishment of horticultural crops standard garden, highlight superior crops according to the production conditions, resource characteristics and farming systems in different regions, strengthen the construction of farmland water-saving demonstration areas, integrate and demonstrate a number of new simple and practical water-saving technology models, and carry out the popularization and application of water-saving technology and equipment. Pay close attention to technical experiments and demonstrations, so that there are demonstrations in counties and villages, and the scale of demonstrations is constantly expanding. Strengthen the cultivation of demonstration subjects, focus on supporting, serving and guiding large grain producers, science and technology demonstration households and professional cooperatives, set an example, drive surrounding farmers, and effectively play the role of demonstration.

(thirteen) the implementation of adaptive planting methods.According to the situation of water resources in different regions, make overall planning, rationally arrange crop planting structure because of water layout, and promote the sustainable utilization of water resources. Adjust and optimize the structure of planting crops and varieties, make full use of natural rainfall, synchronize the water demand period of crop growth with the rainy season, and change passive drought resistance into active drought avoidance. Cultivate and popularize high-yield and drought-tolerant varieties, improve farming and cultivation systems, improve crop water use efficiency, and achieve the goals of saving water, increasing production and increasing efficiency.

(fourteen) do a good job in scientific drought relief.Make overall plans, plan ahead for a rainy day, study and formulate emergency plans for drought relief, actively prepare for drought-resistant technology, materials, work organization and operation mechanism, and improve the ability to cope with drought. Establish and improve the network system of soil moisture monitoring, make full use of modern information technology, optimize monitoring methods, and improve the timeliness, pertinence and scientificity of soil moisture monitoring. Improve the information release mechanism and provide scientific basis for agricultural production and drought relief in time.

Five, constantly strengthen the safeguard measures for the development of water-saving agriculture

(15) Strengthen organizational leadership.Agricultural departments at all levels should fully understand the great significance of developing water-saving agriculture in safeguarding national food security and transforming agricultural development mode, earnestly strengthen organizational leadership, conscientiously perform the responsibility of "developing water-saving agriculture by using engineering facilities, agronomy, agricultural machinery, biology and other measures", develop and expand the professional team, promote the construction of water-saving agriculture system, and provide organizational and institutional guarantee for accelerating the development of water-saving agriculture.

(16) Increase investment.Strengthen communication and cooperation with relevant departments, integrate resources, form a joint force, and establish an investment mechanism with government as the leading factor and social participation. Make full use of project funds such as irrigation and water conservancy construction, water-saving in dry farming, plastic film mulching, national plan for increasing grain production capacity by 100 billion Jin, demonstration project of water-saving agriculture in dry farming, special financial project for popularization of dry farming science and technology and conservation tillage, actively guide local governments and all sectors of society to increase investment in water-saving agriculture, strengthen the construction of water-saving projects and supporting facilities in the field, and improve the level of technology and equipment of water-saving agriculture.

(seventeen) to strengthen the foundation support.Strengthen the construction of water-saving agricultural technology system, improve service means and improve service capacity. Formulate the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" for the development of water-saving agriculture, clarify the development ideas, objectives and tasks, regional layout and main promotion mode, and scientifically guide the development of water-saving agriculture. Strengthen the docking of teaching, scientific research and popularization, accelerate the application of modern high-tech, develop and popularize simple, economical and practical new technologies and products, and provide scientific and technological support for the development of water-saving agriculture. Actively learn from foreign water-saving agricultural technology, experience and management methods, and combine production practice to guide the development of water-saving agriculture.

(eighteen) extensive publicity and training.All localities should take various forms to publicize water-saving agriculture through various media, strive for leadership attention and departmental support, and form a good atmosphere for the whole society to care, support and participate in the development of water-saving agriculture. Through going to the countryside through science and technology, demonstrating and observing, printing and distributing materials and on-site training, we will publicize and popularize water-saving agricultural technology, raise farmers’ awareness of water-saving and promote the sustainable development of water-saving agriculture.

The Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China

two0January 31, 1921

　　Provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) agriculture (agriculture, animal husbandry and rural economy), animal husbandry and fishery (bureaus and committees), finance departments (bureaus), agricultural comprehensive development offices, Agricultural Bureau and Finance Bureau of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, agricultural comprehensive development offices, Heilongjiang Provincial Land Reclamation Bureau, Guangdong Provincial Land Reclamation Bureau:

　　In order to implement the spirit of the Central Rural Work Conference and the No.1 Document of the Central Committee, accelerate the integration of rural primary, secondary and tertiary industries, and explore a new model of agricultural and rural economic development, the Ministry of Agriculture and the National Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office of the Ministry of Finance decided to organize and carry out innovative demonstration work for the development of the whole agricultural industry chain. Relevant matters are hereby notified as follows.

　　One,General idea

　　(1) Guiding ideology.Implement the decision-making and deployment of the CPC Central Committee in the State Council, firmly establish a new development concept, closely focus on promoting the structural reform of the agricultural supply side, take the overlapping area of the national modern agricultural demonstration zone and the modern agricultural park for comprehensive agricultural development as the priority support area, focus on the leading industries with distinctive advantages, give play to the guiding and inciting role of financial awards and subsidies, guide the gathering of financial capital, social capital and various new business entities, build large-scale breeding bases, and develop processing and circulation. Carry out brand creation and marketing, build a number of modern agricultural industrial clusters, stimulate the reconstruction and functional upgrading of industrial chain and value chain, promote the deep integration of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, integrate the upper, middle and lower reaches, realize the balanced profit sharing in all aspects of production, processing and sales, explore a new model for rebuilding the whole agricultural industrial chain, and set an example and activation for leading the national agricultural modernization.

　　(2) Basic principles.

　　Overall planning of the whole chain is the key to the main attack.Focus on the industrial chain with outstanding comparative advantages, focus on the weak links and key links of the industrial chain in accordance with the requirements of overall planning and integrated development of the whole chain, promote the integrated development of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries, fill in the shortcomings of industrial development, and strive to cultivate industrial advantages, product advantages and competitive advantages with lasting competitiveness.

　　Multi-subject, collaborative development.Give play to the guiding and inciting role of financial funds, innovate investment methods and construction models, support new business entities such as leading enterprises in agricultural industrialization and farmers’ cooperatives, mobilize farmers’ enthusiasm, participate in the development of the whole industrial chain, and promote the organic connection and sharing of development achievements in all links of the industrial chain.

　　Green development and eco-friendliness.Highlight the green ecology, high-quality safety orientation, develop green industries, create green policies, promote green models, realize cost saving and efficiency improvement, be environmentally friendly, and promote the formation of a green development mode of industrial integration.

　　Reward the good and punish the bad, and stimulate competition.In accordance with the requirements of "openness, fairness and justice", we will improve the market mechanism such as competitive project establishment and realize the preferred option. Strengthen performance appraisal management, improve reward and punishment policies, strengthen process supervision, and continuously improve the efficiency of fund use.

　　(3) Main objectives.Through four years’ innovation demonstration of the whole industrial chain development, each demonstration area of the whole industrial chain development has basically built 1-2 agricultural industrial chains with obvious regional advantages, cultivated 1-2 regional famous agricultural brands, increased the proportion of agricultural products processing industry by more than 50%, accelerated the development of new technologies, new models and new formats of the whole agricultural industrial chain, further improved the industrial integration mechanism, and diversified ways of interest linkage such as share cooperation. Farmers’ share of the value-added benefits of the whole industrial chain innovation and development has been increasing, and rural residents can enjoy the same benefits.

　　Second, the key tasks

　　(1) Construction of high-yield and high-efficiency ecological demonstration bases.Relying on dominant industries, we will build a number of demonstration bases of planting and breeding industry with outstanding advantages, obvious characteristics, centralized contiguous and ecological circulation, so as to ensure the supply of raw materials for the development of the whole industrial chain and the quality and safety of agricultural products from the source. Focus on supporting the construction of high-standard farmland, modern seedling breeding base, horticultural crop standard garden, standardized scale livestock and poultry farms (communities), standardized breeding ponds, comprehensive utilization of waste, resource-based harmless treatment facilities, production ancillary facilities and related instruments and equipment, introducing new varieties and technologies, and providing technical training to farmers in the base. Explore the new mechanism of farmers’ stock cooperation, and guide the establishment of interest linkage mechanism with base farmers and farmers’ cooperatives, such as "guarantee+dividend".

　　(2) Post-natal primary processing of agricultural products.Focusing on the post-harvest loss and income increase of agricultural products, improving the quality and safety level, focusing on key links such as sorting, grading and grading, building a whole industrial chain of commercialization treatment, focusing on supporting farmers and farmers’ professional cooperatives to improve facilities and equipment conditions such as post-harvest purification, grading, drying, precooling, preservation and packaging of agricultural products, and purchasing auxiliary instruments and equipment such as transportation, weighing, inspection and testing, sewage treatment, strengthening the construction of infrastructure conditions for post-harvest weak links and key links, and promoting the optimization and matching of facilities in each link.

　　(3) Construction of storage facilities in Tiantou.Focus on opening up the "first kilometer" of agricultural products circulation, support leading enterprises, farmers’ cooperatives and other new business entities to build storage facilities at the farm head and purchase storage and processing equipment. Among them, the construction of storage facilities mainly includes controlled atmosphere storage, pre-cold storage, low-temperature storage, storage pits, raw material storage yards, pits and finished product storage yards, as well as equipment purchase and installation and supporting water supply, power supply and road facilities; The storage equipment mainly includes mechanical equipment such as harvesting, picking, bundling, transporting, crushing, briquetting, wrapping, weighing, loading and unloading, etc. A number of built storage facilities in the field head have been upgraded to enhance the storage and fresh-keeping ability of post-harvest agricultural products, so as to realize the "storage, transportation, selling and earning" of agricultural products.

　　(4) Brand marketing services.We will develop new modern circulation formats such as the docking of agricultural cooperatives, the docking of agricultural supermarkets, and direct sales and direct supply, and explore new ways to innovate and serve agricultural production and marketing. Support circulation enterprises to expand the industrial chain and guide dealers and brokers to develop into entities, scale, industrialization and branding. Build a public service platform for the marketing of agricultural products in the place of origin, and promote the docking of production and marketing in the form of agricultural cooperatives and agricultural enterprises. Develop "internet+agriculture", cultivate the main body of agricultural e-commerce, build an e-commerce platform, and innovate the e-commerce model and operation mechanism of agricultural products. Support the cultivation of a number of regional public brands, enterprise brands and product brands with high market credibility and great influence based on advantageous enterprises, industrial alliances and industry associations.

　　(V) Innovation of agricultural management system.Cultivate and expand new agricultural business entities, encourage and support family farms, farmers’ cooperatives, leading enterprises and other new business entities to undertake the demonstration tasks of industrial development and innovation, promote the participation of multiple entities in the industrial chain, and share development results. Develop various forms of moderate scale operation, guide farmers to transfer contracted land by subcontracting, leasing, exchange, transfer and shareholding according to law, expand cultivated land area and improve the level of mechanized operation. Accelerate the cultivation of agricultural business service organizations, carry out pilot projects for the government to purchase agricultural public welfare services, and actively promote cooperative, trusteeship and order-based service forms. Develop agricultural producer services, and encourage the development of market-oriented and professional services, such as generation of tillage and generation of seed collection, field custody, unified prevention and control, drying and storage.

　　Third, the scope of implementation

　　In principle, counties (cities, districts) shall be taken as units, and each province (autonomous region) shall determine the specific demonstration list according to local conditions, and each province (autonomous region, city) shall determine 1-2 demonstration places for the development and innovation of the whole agricultural industry chain. The selected area must be the county (city, district) where the national modern agricultural demonstration zone or the pilot project of modern agricultural park for comprehensive agricultural development is located, and priority should be given to the 39 counties (cities, districts) or reclamation areas where both the national modern agricultural demonstration zone and the pilot project of modern agricultural park for comprehensive agricultural development are located (see Annex for the list).

　　IV. Relevant requirements

　　(1) Strengthen organizational leadership.All provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) should scientifically screen and determine the counties (cities and districts) to develop the whole industrial chain around the overall thinking and key tasks, combined with local conditions, and formulate provincial-level implementation plans in time, and submit them to the Development Planning Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and the National Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office of the Ministry of Finance for the record before July 15, 2017. Counties (cities, districts) that carry out innovation demonstration should attach great importance to it, formulate work plans, clarify objectives and tasks, schedule, supervision and assessment, certification management, support policies, etc., improve the operation mechanism, and ensure the implementation of tasks.

　　(2) Increase support.Local agricultural departments and agricultural comprehensive development institutions should strengthen the connection of work, and actively support qualified projects in the development and innovation demonstration zone of the whole industrial chain through channels such as local projects and departmental projects for agricultural comprehensive development. At the same time, actively coordinate and integrate agricultural financial funds from various channels to support the development and construction of the whole agricultural industry chain in the innovation demonstration zone. Strengthen performance appraisal and establish a positive incentive mechanism, and the allocation of central financial funds will be tilted to areas with high enthusiasm and outstanding results in the development of the whole industrial chain.

　　(3) Innovative investment and financing modes.Encourage relevant localities to take measures such as cooperation between government and social capital, setting up funds, subsidizing loans, building first and then supplementing, and support new agricultural business entities to participate in the development and construction of the whole agricultural industry chain. Encourage and guide commercial, policy, development and other financial institutions to actively provide credit support and other financial services for the development and construction of the whole agricultural industry chain under the premise of legal compliance and controllable risks. All localities should cultivate qualified loan entities by developing and expanding new business entities and building investment and financing platforms, so as to facilitate the development and construction of the whole agricultural industry chain.

　　(4) Strengthen guidance services.Agricultural and financial departments at all levels should cooperate closely, strengthen process management and work supervision, and establish a counterpart guidance mechanism. Further strengthen investigation and study, timely grasp and track the development and innovation demonstration of the whole industry chain, constantly sum up experience, and improve relevant policies and measures in a timely manner to ensure the expected results.

　　(5) Strengthen typical publicity.All localities should increase publicity on the demonstration work of innovation in the whole industrial chain development, and timely submit publicity information such as work briefing and development trends to create a good social atmosphere. Strengthen the analysis of typical cases, form experiences that can be replicated and popularized, increase publicity, and shape a number of examples and models.

　　Attachment: Give priority to the development and innovation demonstration of the whole agricultural industry chain.

　　List of 39 counties (districts) or reclamation areas

　　General Office of the Ministry of Agriculture National Agricultural Comprehensive Development Office

　　June 15, 2017

　　Cctv newsOn March 1st, News Network reported that the restoration and reconstruction of flood control and water damage projects will be completed before the main flood season this year, and the annual water transfer will be started for the north extension emergency water supply project of the east route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project. At the same time, a number of new regulations will be implemented on March 1st, and the China manufacturing purchasing managers index will be released in February … … A number of economic and social development progress shows that in March,Full resumption of work and productionDriven the centralized release of the demand of related industries, a number of new regulations were implemented to improve the service level, and the high-quality economic development of China was steadily advanced.

　　More than 80% of the key water damage repair projects after the State Council’s press conference have been repaired.

　　On March 1st, the State Council Information Office held a press conference, and the relevant persons in charge of the Ministry of Water Resources and the National Development and Reform Commission introduced that the post-disaster water conservancy infrastructure construction was progressing smoothly.Key water damage restoration projectsOver 80% of the projects have been repaired.

　　In 2023, river floods in China occurred frequently. Up to now, 4,558 key water damage restoration projects have been repaired, ensuring that the restoration and reconstruction of water damage projects undertaking flood control tasks are completed with high standards before the main flood season this year. At the same time, the central government issued additional treasury bonds to speed up the construction of post-disaster water conservancy projects. Up to now, 1,488 treasury bonds water conservancy projects have been implemented with an investment of 29.31 billion yuan, and the overall progress is smooth.

　　Multi-measures to optimize payment service and improve payment convenience

　　On March 1,The the State Council Information Office held a regular briefing. The relevant person in charge of the People’s Bank of China and other departments said that in order to further optimize payment services and improve payment convenience, it is necessary to promote key places and key merchants to accept overseas bank cards; Do a good job in service arrangements such as aging and internationalization; Business districts and tourist attractions above designated size must support diversified payment methods such as mobile payment, bank card and cash.

　　Annual water transfer is started for the emergency water supply project in the north extension of the east route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project.

　　On March 1,The north extension emergency water supply project of the first phase of the East Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project started the annual water transfer, and it is planned to transfer 221 million cubic meters of water to Hebei and Tianjin. Since 2019, the project has transferred a total of 588 million cubic meters of water, effectively helping special actions such as comprehensive management of groundwater overexploitation in North China and water replenishment for the entire Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal.

　　MarchFull resumption of work and production Drive the centralized release of related industry demand.

　　On March 1st, the China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing and the Service Industry Survey Center of the National Bureau of Statistics announced that the purchasing managers’ index of China’s manufacturing industry was 49.1% in February. Due to the influence of the Spring Festival holiday, the activity of the manufacturing market generally declined, but the market demand of the manufacturing industry was relatively stable, while the demand of high-tech manufacturing industry and consumer goods manufacturing industry increased significantly, with new order indexes of 51.3% and 52.3% respectively.

　　In February, China’s non-manufacturing business activity index was 51.4%, up 0.7 percentage points from the previous month, rising for three consecutive months, and the increase was larger than that of the previous month.

　　In March, the comprehensive resumption of work and production will drive the centralized release of demand for construction and production-related service industries, and the demand for non-manufacturing industries is expected to pick up further.

　　From March 1 ST, the new regulations shall not be thrown or trampled on express mail.

　　The newly revised "Measures for the Administration of Express Delivery Market" will be implemented on March 1 to ensure the safety of express mail, and it is not allowed to throw or trample on express mail; Without the user’s consent, it is not allowed to confirm the receipt of the express mail, and it is not allowed to deliver the express mail to the express terminal service facilities such as intelligent express box and express service station without authorization.

　　In any of the above circumstances, the postal administration department shall order it to make corrections, give a warning or informed criticism, and may impose a fine of less than 10,000 yuan; If the circumstances are serious, a fine of not less than 10 thousand yuan but not more than 30 thousand yuan shall be imposed.

　　From March 1, the new regulations will be implemented. Electronic invoices have the same legal effect as paper invoices.

　　The decision on amending the Detailed Rules for the Implementation of the Measures for the Administration of Invoices in People’s Republic of China (PRC) shall come into force on March 1, and it shall be clear that electronic invoices and paper invoices have the same legal effect, and no unit or individual may refuse to accept them; Units and individuals shall bear the obligation to protect the invoice data in accordance with the law, and shall not store the invoice data in excess of the specified amount, and shall not use, illegally sell or illegally provide the invoice data to others in violation of the regulations.

　　From March 1 ST, the new regulations will not be implemented by using the default check on the webpage to sell insurance.

　　The Measures for the Administration of Insurance Sales Behavior came into effect on March 1st, which divided the insurance sales behavior into three stages: pre-insurance sales behavior, in-insurance sales behavior and post-insurance sales behavior, and regulated them respectively.

　　The "Measures" propose that insurance companies, insurance intermediaries and their insurance sales personnel shall not enter into insurance contracts with policyholders by means of compulsory tying, default check on information systems or web pages.

　　In 2023, the annual settlement of personal income tax began to be processed.

　　On March 1, 2023, the annual settlement of personal income tax began, and the processing time was as of June 30 this year. The annual settlement of personal income tax means that taxpayers need to summarize the four comprehensive incomes of the previous year, such as wages and salaries, labor remuneration, royalties, etc., and apply to the tax authorities for final settlement and tax refund or supplementary tax.

　　In case of any of the following circumstances, the taxpayer shall handle the settlement:

　　(a) the prepaid tax amount is greater than the final tax payable and applies for tax refund;

　　(2) The comprehensive income obtained in 2023 exceeds 120,000 yuan, and the amount of tax payment required for final settlement exceeds that of 400 yuan.

　　Taxpayers who have paid personal income tax in advance according to law in 2023 and meet one of the following circumstances do not need to apply for settlement:

　　(1) Final calculationneedPay taxes, but the comprehensive income does not exceed 120 thousand yuan for the whole year;

　　(2) Final calculationneedThe amount of overdue tax does not exceed that of 400 yuan;

　　(3) The prepaid tax amount is consistent with the final taxable amount;

　　(4) Those who meet the conditions for final tax refund but do not apply for tax refund.

　　276 cities have established urban financing coordination mechanisms.

　　It is reported that as of February 28, 276 cities in 31 provinces have established urban financing coordination mechanisms, and about 6,000 real estate projects have been proposed. Commercial banks have quickly screened projects and approved loans exceeding 200 billion yuan.

　　The 7 th China International Import Expo(CIIE) signing exhibition covers an area of over 240,000 square meters.

　　The 7th China International Import Expo(CIIE) will be held in Shanghai from November 5 to 10 this year, consisting of national exhibition, enterprise exhibition, Hongqiao Forum, professional supporting activities and cultural exchange activities.

　　It is understood that the preparations for the 7th China International Import Expo(CIIE) are progressing steadily. Among them, the contracted exhibition area of the Enterprise Exhibition exceeds 240,000 square meters, which is faster than the same period in 2023, and nearly 200 Fortune 500 and leading enterprises in the industry have been signed.

　　China-Thailand mutual visa exemption agreement for ordinary passport holders came into effect.

　　On March 1st, the agreement between China and Thailand on mutual visa exemption for ordinary passport holders came into effect. According to the agreement, Chinese passport holders, ordinary passport holders and Thai passport holders can stay in the other country for no more than 30 days without a visa (Every 180 days, the cumulative stay shall not exceed 90 days.）。