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Ministry of Education: The functions of the National Vocational Education Smart Education Platform will be launched by the end of December.

  Cctv newsRecently, the Department of Vocational Education and Adult Education of the Ministry of Education introduced the situation of the national intelligent education platform for vocational education.

  The national intelligent education platform for vocational education consists of four sections: the first section is the "Professional and Curriculum Service Center", which serves learners to enjoy high-quality and convenient digital resources for vocational education and improves the efficiency of the use of digital resources for vocational education. The second section is the "textbook resource center", which serves the needs of the development, selection, supervision and evaluation of vocational education textbooks. The third section is the "Virtual Simulation Training Center", which serves the application needs of vocational education training teaching, skill appraisal and competition examination. The fourth section is the "Teacher Service Center", which serves to optimize the training content and improve the training quality of vocational education cadres and workers.

  Platform resources are mainly composed of standardized courses, demonstration courses and various expansion resources jointly developed by high-quality vocational colleges and excellent enterprises. For example, each national professional teaching resource pool has an average of 17.5 high-quality vocational colleges and 16 head enterprises participating in the development. Teachers can directly use the standardized courses, or edit the course content and expanding resources themselves, so as to form personalized courses suitable for students’ learning, promote teaching in accordance with their aptitude and ensure the teaching effect. Up to now, there are more than 178,000 self-built courses for teachers on the platform. The platform automatically records the data of students’ online learning, classroom interaction and after-class review, from which the students’ knowledge mastery rate, classroom interaction rate, teachers’ response rate and online activity rate can be calculated, which provides a basis for teachers to improve teaching effect.

  The "National Intelligent Education Platform for Vocational Education" is constructed in three phases. The professional and curriculum service center has been launched, and other centers will be developed and launched by the end of June, and all planning functions of the platform will be developed and launched by the end of December.

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Be wary of consumption traps. Women spend more than 10,000 yuan on emotional counseling and are fooled.

  Yangcheng Evening News reporter Ma Can and correspondent Yue Xiaoxuan reported that mental health consultation has been widely accepted by the society, and with the increasing diversification of business models, online mental health consultation, intimate relationship repair, accompanying and listening have become business opportunities. On August 17th, the Consumer Council of Guangdong Province issued a consumer reminder that in recent years, with the social development and people’s attention to mental health and mental health, the demand for mental health consultation has been increasing, which has driven the rapid development of China’s mental health industry. Relevant data show that at present, there are 130,000 enterprises with psychological counseling in the national business scope. Behind the rapid development of the industry, due to the lack of unified norms, and the lack of defined standards for the effect of mental health services, it is also easy to infringe on consumers’ rights and interests.

  Case: Spending more than 10,000 yuan was also upgraded by the flicker package.

  Recently, Miss Tang complained to the Consumer Council of Guangdong Province that she sought advice through an emotional consulting service company and wanted to save her emotional relationship with her ex-boyfriend. The company’s analysts said it was not difficult to recover, and recommended a two-month emotional private education service, promising professional teachers to provide half an hour of guidance service every day, and online consultation at other time periods, and refundable if they were dissatisfied with the service.

  Miss Tang paid 15,900 yuan for the related service. The next day, a person claimed to be a professional teacher, contacted Miss Tang and provided her with the first consultation service. When Miss Tang offered to consult the next day, the teacher said that she had no time the next day, and the appointment time was one week later. The online chat service teacher often did not reply to the information.

  In addition, shortly after the consultation began, the relevant teachers said that Miss Tang had serious psychological problems and needed to extend the consultation time to induce her to change the higher service package. Miss Tang thinks that the package she bought was recommended by the analyst after pre-evaluation. It is very unreasonable to ask her to continue to pay before completing the course of treatment, and she only provided six services during the three-week treatment, which seriously violated the contract. Miss Tang asked for a refund. According to the consulting company, the related services are knowledge services and cannot be refunded.

  After receiving the complaint, the staff of Guangdong Consumer Council communicated with the emotional consulting company many times, and finally the other party agreed to deduct the fees for attending classes, and the rest was returned after the consumer took 15% responsibility.

  Reminder 1: Understand the credit information of consulting institutions clearly.

  The reporter learned that in 2017, the state cancelled the professional qualification certificate of psychological counselors, which lowered the entry threshold for employees.

  At present, some training certification bodies have different standards and requirements for employees’ skill training books. In this regard, the Consumer Council of Guangdong Province reminds consumers — — In the face of the propaganda of these "professional certificates", we should be vigilant and don’t be credulous.

  The relevant person in charge of the Consumer Council of Guangdong Province said that if it is really necessary to choose socialized psychological counseling service, we should know the credit information of the counseling institution in many ways. We can inquire through government websites or channels such as the enterprise credit information publicity system to find out whether the counseling institution is included in the list of abnormal business operations, the list of serious illegal and untrustworthy enterprises, and whether it has been subject to administrative punishment or litigation due to illegal acts.

  Reminder 2: Avoid paying high service fees at one time.

  Psychological counseling services usually take the form of advance payment. The Consumer Council of Guangdong Province advises consumers to pay consulting fees as much as possible, or clearly stipulate the service content, service quality and refund calculation method through formal contract before payment, "to avoid paying high service fees at one time and reduce the risk of capital loss".

  In addition, after purchasing psychological counseling services, consumers should pay attention to properly preserve payment vouchers, contracts or agreements, leaflets, invoices and other evidence, in case of consumer disputes in the future.

  Reminder 3: Prefer formal channels or public welfare organizations.

  At present, the psychological counseling service market needs to be further standardized. If there are psychological problems, unprofessional counseling will not only play a role, but may also delay the time of receiving formal treatment.

  At present, all major hospitals in Guangdong Province have psychiatry or psychopsychiatry. Doctors are highly qualified and their specialties are guaranteed. Consumers should first choose hospital psychological counseling clinics if necessary. If you don’t want to go to the hospital, you’d better choose the local college of psychology or mental health center. For example, the Guangdong Provincial Health and Wellness Committee published the List of Guangdong Psychological Assistance Public Hotline, including Guangdong Mental Health Center, Guangdong Psychological Crisis Intervention Committee, 12355 Youth Voice, hospitals, universities, social workers and other public psychological assistance channels.

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Anyang: colorful folk customs celebrate the Dragon Boat Festival

  Watching folk customs on campus, watching the Dragon Boat Festival in Cangxiang Street, and listening to Qu Yuan’s story in China Literature Museum … During the Dragon Boat Festival holiday, Anyang City carried out various forms of folk activities, which made our friends feel the charm of traditional culture.

Anyang: colorful folk customs celebrate the Dragon Boat Festival

  Watching folk customs on campus

  On June 21st, Yinxing South School of High-tech Zone hosted the theme activity of "Our Festival-Dragon Boat Festival" in Anyang in 2023. At 19 o’clock, in the "National Tide Garden Party" activity, teachers and students experienced activities such as putting dragon boats, throwing pots, making zongzi and folding fan calligraphy. In the "National Tide Dragon Boat Festival Exhibition", students showed various bookmarks with Dragon Boat Festival elements. After the folk custom experience activities, the "National Tide Electric Syllables" pushed the atmosphere to a climax, and wonderful programs such as dragon dance, opera, songs, dance and cross talk were staged in turn. The audience under the stage applauded the actors on the stage while taking photos with their mobile phones. "Today’s activities let me know the origin of the Dragon Boat Festival and feel the charm of traditional culture." A primary school student dressed in Hanfu said.

Anyang: colorful folk customs celebrate the Dragon Boat Festival

  Follow the "ancients" for the Dragon Boat Festival

  From June 22nd to 24th, tourists walked into the quaint Cangxiang Street, where the scene was arranged in Courtyard No.3, props were restored, and 11 historical traditional games, such as archery, throwing pots, pounding pills, shaking diabolo, spinning top, cuju, nine-ring, kicking shuttlecock, jigsaw puzzle, wooden shooting and dragon dancing, were restored. Many tourists dressed in Hanfu are enthusiastic, immersed in the festive atmosphere of the ancient Dragon Boat Festival, and full of praise for this "crossing" trip.

Anyang: colorful folk customs celebrate the Dragon Boat Festival

Provided by China Literature Museum.

  Parent-child activities are colorful.

  During the Dragon Boat Festival holiday, the China Literature Museum launched a parent-child activity called "The Museum Skillfully celebrates the Dragon Boat Festival". On the morning of June 22nd, children and parents from more than 30 families in this city walked into Oracle Bone Inscriptions School of China Literature Museum to learn about the story of Qu Yuan and Dragon Boat Festival. During the activity, children listened to stories, learned traditional culture, experienced making sachets and weaving colored ropes with their own hands, and learned how to write the message of "Dragon Boat Festival" with Oracle Bone Inscriptions.

Anyang: colorful folk customs celebrate the Dragon Boat Festival

  Residents’ participation in spreading the truth

  Wenzhuyuan Community, Yinxing Street, High-tech Zone, organized residents in the jurisdiction to carry out the Dragon Boat Festival activities of "Silk Passing the Truth, Wenzhu Zongping Peace". Under the leadership of volunteers, residents knitted hand ropes and talked about the folk customs of the Dragon Boat Festival. "In ancient times, people thought that the five colors of colorful ropes represented the five elements and had the function of exorcising evil spirits and welcoming good luck. In modern times, colorful ropes represent good wishes, and it is essential to wear colorful hand ropes during the Dragon Boat Festival. " Aunt Li, a resident, said with a smile with a braided bracelet. In addition, various tourist attractions in Anyang and Anyang Museum have also prepared folk experience activities for the Dragon Boat Festival.

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The bright spots of "thriving" in many fields highlight the vigorous development of China.

CCTV News:On July 24th, News Network and other columns reported good news such as the increase of summer grain production in China, the improvement of the quality and efficiency of central enterprises’ operation, and the continuous warming of the "cultural and cultural fever" in summer. There are many bright spots of "thriving" in many fields, which shows the vigorous development of China.

Summer grain production increased by 7.25 billion Jin, the largest increase in recent 9 years.

On the morning of July 24th, the reporter learned from the press conference of the State Council Press Office that this year’s summer grain production increased by 7.25 billion Jin, the largest increase in summer grain production in recent nine years, which has obvious effects on stabilizing prices and stabilizing people’s expectations. According to reports, there are two main reasons for the bumper harvest of summer grain this year. First, the area has stabilized. Last year, all localities actively responded to the unfavorable conditions of autumn sowing and realized that all kinds should be planted. The area of wheat harvested in summer was 346 million mu, an increase of 475,000 mu on the historical high. Second, the yield per unit area has increased. Improving the yield per unit area requires a close combination of improved varieties, fertile fields, good opportunities and good laws, and at the same time, there must be good policies. The minimum purchase price of summer grain wheat has increased this year, which has stabilized farmers’ expectations.

In the first half of the year, the quality and efficiency of central enterprises improved.

The reporter learned from the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council that in the first half of this year, the production and operation of central enterprises made steady progress, with good quality and efficiency, achieving a total profit of 1.4 trillion yuan, up 1.9% year-on-year, and the annualized labor productivity and R&D investment intensity of all employees increased steadily year-on-year. In the next step, the proportion of income and added value of strategic emerging industries of state-owned central enterprises will be further increased.

The "Guangdong-Yunnan-Lanzhou-Meizhou Line" international freight train officially started.

On July 24th, the international freight train of "Guangdong-Yunnan-Lanzhou-Meizhou Line", an international freight corridor connecting Guangdong, Yunnan and Southeast Asian countries, was officially launched. Goods from Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area are connected to China-Laos Railway Lanmei Express Line through domestic express trains, which can go directly to Bangkok, Thailand, and the transportation time of the whole line is shortened by two to three days.

The contracted exhibition area of the 7th China International Import Expo(CIIE) Enterprise Exhibition has exceeded 360,000 square meters.

On the occasion of the 100-day countdown to the 7th China International Import Expo, China International Import Expo Bureau held a news briefing on July 24th to introduce that the 7th China International Import Expo(CIIE) will be held in Shanghai from November 5th to 10th this year. Up to now, more than 50 countries and international organizations have confirmed their participation, and the contracted exhibition area has exceeded 360,000 square meters.

At the same time, the Seventh Hongqiao Forum will hold the main forum and several sub-forums with the theme of "persisting in high-level opening up and promoting inclusive economic globalization".

This year’s China International Import Expo(CIIE) Enterprise Exhibition continues the six exhibition areas of food and agricultural products, automobiles, technical equipment, consumer goods, medical devices, medical care and service trade, and strives to create an innovation incubation area. The work of organizing trade delegations and professional visitors has been accelerated, and the progress is faster than that of the same period last year. It is expected that more professional visitors will participate in the 7th China International Import Expo(CIIE).

"Wenbo fever" continues to heat up in summer.

With the opening of summer vacation, the ever-rising "Wenbo fever" has become a beautiful tourist landscape. Faced with the strong demand for cultural tourism, many museums in China have carried out a series of beneficial explorations in canceling real-name reservation and extending opening hours, and launched a number of special activities to bring visitors a different exhibition experience.

More than 90% of Sanxingdui’s cultural relics made their debut.

"Ingenuity — — The exhibition of newly unearthed cultural relics protection and restoration achievements at Sanxingdui site was held in Sanxingdui Museum in Guanghan, Sichuan on July 23rd. More than 50 pieces of bronze, gold and jade unearthed from Sanxingdui site are exhibited in the exhibition, all of which are the results of the protection and restoration of the newly unearthed cultural relics in Sanxingdui in the past year, and more than 90% of them are the first time to appear.

Since June, the search popularity of "museums" has increased by 61% from the previous month.

The data shows that the search popularity of "museums" on the platform has increased by 61% since June, among which Xi ‘an, Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Wuhan have become the five cities with the highest search popularity, and the phenomenon of "one appointment is hard to find" in popular museums has reappeared. In order to better meet the needs of tourists in summer vacation, many cultural and art venues have entered "daylight saving time", and measures such as not closing on Mondays, delaying opening and adjusting reservation policies have been implemented.

The "upgrade" of the museum provides an immersive exhibition experience for the audience.

In order to cope with the peak of summer passenger flow, major museums "show their magical powers" and continue to enhance the audience’s exhibition experience. The Sanxingdui Museum introduces a digital display system, and visitors can experience the ancient and mysterious Sanxingdui civilization by means of the interaction between high technology and ancient Shu culture. The National Museum of Classics allows children to experience the colorful picture book world, sit on the grass of the tropical rain forest, watch animals play in front of their eyes, cross the Antarctic world day and night, and feel the changes of time; China national film museum has specially added a movie dubbing experience pavilion for the summer vacation to attract young people to increase their scientific wisdom and artistic accomplishment through interactive practice.

According to industry insiders, "understanding a city and entering a museum first" has become the consensus of many tourists. Behind the "cultural craze" is the "traditional culture craze", especially the young people’s strong interest in traditional culture, including overseas tourists’ curiosity and exploration of Chinese culture.

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The best age for HPV vaccination is 9 to 14 years old.

  Cervical cancer is one of the common gynecological cancers and one of the few cancers that can be prevented by vaccine. Experts suggest that the incidence of cervical cancer in China tends to be younger, but the women who are willing to vaccinate HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccine are generally older. It is suggested that more attention should be paid to the vaccination of young women.

  Bi Hui, the chief physician of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Peking University First Hospital, found that most of the outpatients who came to consult about HPV vaccination were women over 25 years old, and teenagers aged 13 to 18 only occasionally saw them, and few parents brought their daughters to consult about HPV vaccination.

  Bi Wei said: "In China, bivalent and tetravalent HPV vaccines are currently approved for women aged 9 to 45, and nine-valent HPV vaccines are suitable for women aged 16 to 26. HPV vaccine has the best effect before sexual life, and teenagers should be the key population. The best vaccination age recommended by the World Health Organization is 9 to 14 years old. Our country’s guide recommends 13 to 15 years old as the key population. "

  According to reports, viruses such as HPV are divided into multiple subtypes, which can be classified into high-risk and low-risk types. High-risk type can cause cervical cancer, anal cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, etc. Low-risk type can cause flat wart, common wart and condyloma acuminatum on the skin. The main route of transmission of high-risk HPV is sexual transmission.

  Bi Wei introduced that in recent years, a study of more than 130,000 gynecological outpatients in eight tertiary hospitals across the country showed that the infection rate of high-risk HPV was nearly one-fifth.

  Studies have shown that bivalent and tetravalent HPV vaccines can prevent about 70% of cervical cancer and nine-valent vaccines can prevent about 90% of cervical cancer due to the different number of preventable virus subtypes. Experts emphasize that vaccination can greatly reduce the risk of cervical cancer.

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The American government ignores the "American dream" that cracking down on retail theft is taking away hard-working families.

  China Daily Online, September 30th According to a report on the website of the US Capitol Hill newspaper on the 29th, inflation is not the only reason for the rising prices of food and clothing in the United States. Shoplifting incidents that are out of control continue to occur, making the bills that people can’t bear even higher. The U.S. government’s failure to crack down on retail theft is unfair to hard-working American families who are trying to pay for daily necessities and save money for the future, which has caused many obstacles for them to realize their "American dream."

  According to related reports, in 2021 alone, shoplifting in the United States caused nearly $100 billion in losses to retailers, and every American could feel the price. However, federal lawmakers and prosecutors chose to refuse to hold criminals accountable, which made the situation worse.

  Screenshot of the US Capitol Hill website report

  The report pointed out that many police departments in the United States are seriously short of funds and manpower, and the "Defund the police movement" aggravated this trend, which made the police team demoralized and frustrated the recruitment work. This year, due to the "serious" shortage of manpower, the Boston Police Department issued an urgent appeal for recruiting new police for the second time in its history. As expected, the number of police patrolling in a specific area is directly related to the violent crime rate, which makes communities with insufficient police force more vulnerable to theft, shooting and other crimes.

  At the same time, prosecutors in crime-prone areas refused to put people’s safety first. In Washington, D.C., for example, federal prosecutors in the region openly refused to prosecute nearly 70% of people arrested in 2022. Most of the cases he ignored involved gun possession, drug possession and burglary charges. Similarly, the Manhattan district attorney’s office revealed in 2022 that it only accepted two cases against a serial thief, who was a serial pickpocket who committed 23 different thefts.

  The article points out that there is no doubt that crimes in all parts of the United States are in a period of high incidence. In the past three years, property crimes, motor vehicle theft and robbery cases in cities including Washington, D.C. have increased sharply. This uncontrolled crime wave and the coexistence of retail theft at a record high are causing a devastating blow to American retailers.

  Dick’s Sporting Goods lost 23% of its profits in the second quarter due to theft, so families who buy sports necessities for their children at the company may soon see prices soar. Target and Home Depot have suffered similar shoplifting consequences all over the United States.

  Thieves ransacked Nord stron Department Store in the United States. Figure: Network screenshot

  Simple and everyday shopping behavior is becoming a thing of the past in America. Due to rampant theft, a grocery store in Washington, D.C. is planning to empty all American national brands from its health and beauty shelves. Shoppers will no longer be able to buy Tide or Colgate, and they will have to show their receipts to employees before leaving the store. Giant’ S) President Ira Kress said: "We hope to continue to serve the community, but we can’t bring great losses or risks to our employees like today."

  Gabriel Nadales, the author of the article and the national director of Our America, said that American politicians are abandoning the American people in this crisis-level store theft. He pointed out that it is high time for members of Congress to re-engage and actively and comprehensively solve this problem by re-examining the budget priorities, providing funds to the police and replacing prosecutors who are unwilling to perform their duties. Lawmakers need to persistently implement policies to encourage the American criminal justice system to protect American citizens dutifully so that they can continue to pursue the American dream.

  In a recent report, USA-Today website quoted John Gerzema, CEO of Harris Polling Company, as saying: "Their organization conducted an online survey of more than 2,000 American adults at the end of August, and the American public who were asked said that they could not realize the American dream like their parents and grandparents, because this dream could not be realized. At the same time, young Americans are facing unprecedented challenges, such as the climate crisis and unprecedented political differences.

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Tengshi’s sales volume is challenged, and the annual target is not satisfactory.

Recently, the automobile development dilemma has aroused widespread concern in the industry. Last year, with the strong performance of the ace model D9, Tengshi emerged in the pure electric MPV market. However, the development of Tengshi has encountered a bottleneck this year. The sales volume of the ace model D9 has fallen sharply, and the second sales pillar has not appeared.

According to the latest sales data of New Power Week, Tengshi returned to the top ten list with sales of 3200 vehicles from December 9 to December 15, but before that, the brand had failed to make the list for four consecutive weeks. This data reflects the instability of Tengshi’s recent sales volume and the intensity of market competition.

Looking back on this year, our sales have gradually declined from the peak. Tengshi D9, once the new energy MPV sales champion, has lost the title of sales champion for three consecutive months, and its sales volume has almost halved. In November, the sales volume of Tengshi D9 was only 6,100 vehicles, which showed an obvious downward trend compared with the past monthly achievement of over 10,000 vehicles. This also makes Tengshi D9 fall to the third place in the new energy MPV ranking, and the overall MPV market sales ranking falls to the fifth place.

The downward trend of Tengshi D9 sales began in September this year, when it sold 8,122 vehicles, losing the position of monthly sales champion in MPV market for the first time. GAC Toyota won the championship with sales of 9,380 vehicles, and also set new sales records. Since then, the sales volume of Tengshi D9 has continued to decline, with 7,381 vehicles sold in October and 6,100 vehicles in November.

According to industry analysts, the reason for the decline in Tengshi D9 sales mainly lies in the intensification of market competition. With the fierce competition in the new energy MPV market, MPV is no longer the exclusive advantage of Tengshi D9. , Guangzhou Automobile Chuanqi E8, Lantu Dreamer and other models have launched versions, and the cost performance has gradually surpassed Tengshi D9, which has brought great impact to Tengshi.

Tengshi D9′ s competitiveness is also declining. The starting price of this model is as high as 339,800 yuan, which is not dominant in the current market with serious "involution". At the same time, the year-end is approaching, and the preferential strength of Tengshi D9 is not attractive to consumers compared with other competing products. In terms of configuration, Tengshi D9, after being separated from BYD’s independent operation, affected its sense of high-class in consumers’ minds to some extent. Interior materials and sense of science and technology are also slightly weaker than products such as Lantu Dreamer and Buick GL8.

The overall performance of Tengshi automobile has also been affected by the defeat of the ace model. In the first 11 months of this year, Tengshi’s cumulative sales volume reached 110,800 vehicles, of which Tengshi’s D9 sales volume was 92,800 vehicles, accounting for 83.75% of the total sales volume. Sales of other models, such as, and, are not ideal. Tengshi N7, as the most important redesigned model this year, saw its sales volume improve in a short time, but the growth rate slowed down sharply, and then began to decline.

Tengshi N8 has been discontinued, and there has been no sales for many months this year. Although Tengshi Z9GT is expected to become the second sales pillar, its contribution to the overall sales this year is not obvious due to its late listing. At present, the model with the highest market expectation value was unveiled at this year’s Guangzhou Auto Show, but it is still unknown whether this model can become the savior of Tengshi’s SUV.

Facing the current predicament, Tengshi Automobile needs to find new growth points. As a vital part of BYD system, Tengshi brand plays a key role in connecting the preceding with the following. However, how to reverse the decline in the fierce market competition has become an urgent problem for Tengshi Automobile.

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Read the article: What is AI Agent after all?

The second half of the big model welcomes the CAMBRIAN Agent explosion.

540 million to 360 million years ago, marine life broke, and higher-level intelligence such as trilobites, sponges and chordates was born compared with previous single-celled or simple multicellular organisms. Similar to the CAMBRIAN explosion of life, experimental products such as BabyGPT, AutoGPT and Generative Agents have come out one after another.

From the perspective of evolution, the development of life is mainly realized by unit enhancement and organization enhancement. These two ways of enhancement complement each other, making life have more diverse and complex expressions.

Just like agent-we hope it is an agent that can think independently and interact with the environment in any system.

Now that it has a "brain" with enough IQ, how to make Agent think and execute like a human being-as long as any goal is given, it can automatically solve various problems. It is a "self" unit to further improve IQ and enhance agents; Or strengthen the "organizational" ability with the help of external modules?

Although today’s Agent can’t complete the general task, it is also difficult to form a dynamic stable body like the socialized division of labor among multiple cells. However, the local modules of individual Agents, such as HuggingGPT, have demonstrated their ability to use tools, including the fact that Plug-in has become an important milestone in the actual landing. In the second half of the large model, it will be the moment when the agent landed in Cambrian.

Where is the landing bottleneck of Agent at this moment? Can it reach GM from dedicated? What will multimodal bring to Agent? How will the future pattern evolve?

Just like the first cell born on the earth, even though the current Agent can’t replace our role in practical work, everything comes from this first cell, which is the starting point of agent evolution.

Even if you are confused about the landing of Agent, you should continue to "emerge".

Because the success or failure of Agent will be the key to decide whether this GPT revolution is a new generation of industrial revolution.

The following will think in a structured way, and where will Agent go?

1. What exactly is AI Agent?


A few days ago, the AI Town with 25 agents was officially open source, and the "westworld" AI Town was built with it. The interaction between AI Agents will deduce the evolution process of the whole civilization.

Andrej Karpathy, co-founder of OpenAI, also shouted: "AI Agent represents a crazy future."

What is an Agent? The word Agent originated from the Latin word Agere, which means "to do".In the context of LLM, Agent can be understood as an agent that can independently understand, plan and make decisions and perform complex tasks.

Agent is not an upgraded version of ChatGPT. It not only tells you how to do it, but also helps you to do it. If CoPilot is the co-pilot, then the Agent is the main driver.

A simplified Agent decision-making process, using function expression:

Agent: p (perception)-—> P (planning)-> a (action)

Similar to the process of human "doing things", the core function of Agent can be summarized as a cycle of three steps:perception(Perception), planning(Planning)And action(Action).

perception(Perception)Refers to the ability of Agent to collect information from the environment and extract relevant knowledge from it, planning(Planning)Refers to the decision-making process and action made by Agent for a certain goal.(Action)Refers to actions based on environment and planning.

Among them, Policy is the core decision of Agent to make Action, and action is observed.(Observation)It becomes the premise and foundation of further Perception and forms an independent closed-loop learning process.

This process is like Marxism’s "theory of practice": "Understanding begins with practice, through which theoretical understanding is obtained, and then returns to practice." Agent also evolved in the integration of knowledge and practice.

A more complete Agent must fully interact with the environment, which includes two parts-one is the Agent part, and the other is the environment part.At this moment, Agent is like "human" in the physical world, and the physical world is the "external environment" of human beings.

As you can imagine, the process of human interaction with the external environment: based on our full perception of the world, we deduce its hidden state, and combine our own memory and knowledge understanding of the world to make Planning, decision-making and action; And actions will react to the environment, giving us new feedback, and human beings will combine the observation of feedback and then make decisions, so as to go back and forth.

The most intuitive formula:

Agent = LLM+Planning+Feedback+Tool use

Among them, in the process of Planning, in addition to the current state, there are also memories, experiences, some reflections and summaries of the past, as well as world knowledge.

Compared with today’s ChatGPT, it is actually not an Agent, but a universal world knowledge, that is, a knowledge source for Planning. It is not based on specific environmental conditions, nor is it based on Memory, Experience and Reflection.

Of course, ChatGPT can do logical reasoning and certain planning based on its own knowledge, and it can also add vector database to solve reasoning problems, and add Reflection to enrich the process. In this way, ChatGPT, an end-to-end black box, can be made more explicit-in fact, symbols are a very explicit system, and based on this, it can be directionally corrected and promoted.

For Feedback, Agent gets positive or trial-and-error feedback, phased results or rewards based on Action. There are many forms of Feedback. If ChatGPT chatting with us is regarded as an Agent, the reply we typed in the text box is a kind of Feedback, just a kind of Feedback in text form. At this time, we are an environment for ChatGPT. RLHF is also an environment, an extremely simple environment.

"Man is human because he can use tools."

As an Agent, agent can also extend its functions with the help of external tools, so that it can handle more complex tasks. For example, LLM uses weather API to obtain weather forecast information. If you don’t call external tools, Action and Feedback can also deal with the environment directly by learning Policy.

It can be seen that Agent is the key to truly release LLM’s potential actively. As the core of LLM, Agent provides subjective initiative for LLM.

How to land the LLM today? LLM is an IQ engine, and other peripheral tools can be used as Prompt. Will LLM be an end-to-end system in the future? If there are not enough tools around, will there be a more general adaptation framework?

Second, the bottleneck of Agent landing is because "IQ" is not enough?


Agent itself uses two parts of abilities, one is LLM as its "intelligence quotient" or "brain" part, the other is based on LLM, and it needs a controller outside to complete various Prompt, such as enhancing Memory through retrieval, getting Feedback from the environment, and how to do Reflection.

Agent needs both brain and external support.

Is LLM’s own "intelligence quotient" not enough or its external systematization not enough?

If the degree of external systematization is not enough, it will be a long-awaited problem. If it’s just a problem of insufficient IQ, when GPT-4 becomes GPT-5 and has a higher IQ, it can make up for the previous problems.

So what is the main bottleneck of Agent?

To truly understand the crux of this problem, we can make wrong attribution first.That is to say, in the actual mistakes, it is clearly attributed to LLM itself or Prompt in the wrong way.

For example, ask the voice assistant "What’s the weather like?" The question itself is ambiguous-where is the weather? What day’s the weather? What information do you want to know about the weather? None of these problems can be solved by LLM itself, and it needs to call an external tool system.

If it is only attributed to "IQ", LLM only needs to understand "what’s the weather like". If there is a specific context, such as "what’s the weather like in Shanghai next month", whether LLM can infer accurate information based on this is a question of "IQ"; But what tools to call and whether the parameters to execute are accurate are not attributed to "IQ".

3. Can a more general external framework of Agent be realized in the future?

Many people regard LLM as the implementation of Agent, which is too simple and rude. For example, after setting a goal for Agent and defining some basic constraints, we expect it to complete the whole process of self-planning, task decomposition, self-prompting, and even calling external tools and giving answers. However, LLM itself is not trained in this way, and it certainly does not have this ability, but this is not due to the "IQ" problem.

From the perspective of Agent landing, external logical framework is still needed.

Although there are many kinds of Agent at present, most of them are superficial and not universal enough. Even the simplest Agent application, voice assistant or intelligent outgoing call system, its complexity and how to introduce environmental Feedback have not been effectively solved.

Therefore, in addition to a more detailed analysis of the errors, one question we should study is: Besides LLM itself being universal enough, will a universal external logic framework be realized to solve the problem of Agent’s real landing?

If we can’t find a common external logical framework, then the so-called AGI revolution may be just a bubble, a huge bubble, which may not be essentially different from the previous generation NLP.

At present, the landing of Agent is not only a question of "intelligence quotient", but also a question of how to get from special to general by external tools-and this is a more important question.

4. How can Agent have a universal adaptive environment? Do you need a learnable environment model?

What will happen if LLM is put into a virtual world?

In the game My World, NVIDIA developed the latest method, Voyager, to light up the technology tree at a speed of 15.3 times, and at the same time, he obtained 3.3 times of unique items and 2.3 times of exploration scope. The reason is attributed to GPT-4′ s in-depth understanding of the rules of the game and rich knowledge reserve, which comes from the pre-training process rather than the subsequent reinforcement learning.

From this perspective, in the process of optimizing Agent, we should not only pay attention to Feedback, but also consider how the model perceives the environment. So what is the relationship between the general brain and the environmental model, and how to cooperate? How does Agent arrive at General from Private?

At present, there are few good and universal landing effects of Agent, and most of them solve specific problems in specific scenes-LLM is used as a general brain and designed into different roles through Prompt to complete special tasks, rather than universal applications.

One of the key problems, namely, Feedback, will become a major constraint factor in the implementation of Agent, which is particularly evident in Tool use. For some simple problems such as weather query, it is only necessary to design an appropriate Prompt, but for complex Tools applications, its success probability will be greatly reduced.

It is impossible to make an Agent with LLM simply and rudely.

On the one hand, this approach ignores the importance of Feedback, on the other hand, even if LLM gets Feedback, it may not fully understand all the environments or Feedback by virtue of its "IQ", and it is even more difficult to adjust its behavior based on this.

In order to successfully land the Agent, it is necessary to give the Agent a more general adaptive environment. One possible solution is to create a small model dedicated to understanding and adapting the environment, so as to interact with LLM.

Because of super brain’s "IQ" part-LLM(such as GPT-4)Because the scale is too large, it is difficult to retrain specific Agent, and the small model can adapt to environmental changes and train many times. In this scene, we can regard LLM as the brain, and the small model is like the cerebellum, which acts as the middle layer to deal with the environment Feedback and interact with GPT-4.

So, what will be the implementation path of Agent from private to general?

Assuming that Agent will eventually land in 100 different environments, can a framework model be abstracted to solve all external universality problems under the premise that even the simplest external application is difficult to realize at present?

It may be one of the ways to realize the universal Agent by making the Agent in a certain scene to the extreme-stable and robust enough, and then gradually turning it into a universal framework.

5. How important is multimodal in the development of Agent?


Now GPT-4 is to convert all the contents into text language, and then human beings will Prompt it. First of all, the transformation process may lose information or produce errors, which may lead to the deviation of the results.

The next version of GPT, if it can realize the super ability of multimodal understanding, will it alleviate the unreliability and information loss and deviation of today’s Agent to some extent? What will be the relationship between multimodal and Agent?

If LLM does not need to interact in the real world, but only performs a specific task in the virtual world, then multimodal may not be very helpful for completing the task. But if LLM needs to interact with the real world, then multimodal is undoubtedly very important.

Multimodal can only solve the problem of Agent’s perception, but not the problem of cognition.

In many cases, such as intelligent customer service scenarios, users may provide information in a variety of ways. Multimodal has good perceptual value, but it is still far from solving some core problems such as logic and reasoning.

Multimodal is an inevitable trend, the future big model must be a multimodal big model, and the future Agent must also be an Agent in a multimodal world.

When developing text-based agents, when the multi-modal watershed moment comes, do these agents continue to develop on the basis of the original text and further integrate multi-modal characteristics? Or do you need to completely change the original concept and architecture of developing Agent to adapt to the future multimodal world?

The development of Agent does not need to be completely reinvented, but once Agent has multi-modal ability, it will be completely different from the existing model. For example, the next generation version of GPT may contain some more powerful multimodal understanding functions such as images. We don’t have to rush to build such a model immediately, but we can also choose to call such a module first, that is, it is best to build the multimodal understanding function into the model.

After half a year, we will see the arrival of multi-modal large models. The arrival of multimodal Agent may be faster than we thought.

First of all, many large companies are developing multimodal in general by stockpiling arms. The accumulation of this quantitative change is very likely to lead to qualitative change, and actual products may be launched soon. Secondly, the Agent people expect is an assistant like human beings. He can not only talk, but also see, hear and feel. Theoretically, an excellent Agent should be able to realize multi-sensory and multi-modal interaction, and both Perception and Policy need multi-modal.

With the release of RT-2, a new visual language action model, VLA, has realized the ChatGPT of the entity robot by stuffing the multi-modal large model into the manipulator. ?

From the trend point of view, the future Agent must be multimodal. Multi-modality must be necessary for Agent to succeed.

In the aspect of multimodal interaction, Digital Man also provides a good example, which shows the advantages of calling external tools. When the big model calls digital people, because the images have been set in advance, we don’t have to worry that it will suddenly generate the image or voice of a political figure, even his illusion.

Although it is euphemistically called "generative AI", it is better to call external tools in its "generative" part to ensure its certainty and avoid the illusion of the big model.

For example, in multimodal interaction, if you want LLM to play Trump and directly generate a congratulatory video, it is likely to be risky. It is safer and more controllable if LLM only generates scripts and then calls the established digital human and sound interface to synthesize video.

6. Will multi-agent really succeed?

Now the Agent is still a caveman, but the interaction of more AI Agents will change everything.

In the Generative Agents experiment inspired by the simulated life game, each role is controlled by an AI Agent, and they live and interact in a sandbox environment, which fully embodies the process of turning feedback and environmental information into action and realizing the "socialization" of AI Agents.

In the process of planning and response, AI Agents will fully consider the relationship between each other and the observation and feedback of one Agent to another Agent to take the next step.

This interesting simulation has led to some dramatic social phenomena, such as the spread of "rumors" and relational memory. In the experiment, two AI Agents often continue their previous topics, hold Party, call friends and other social activities.

Obviously, the real landing of Agent must be based on the perception of environment, dynamic learning and continuous updating.

7. In what scene did Agent first land?

As early as February this year, some online education companies began to be active in the discussion of big models. "Our industry, if we don’t act again, will be the first to be subverted." When most companies haven’t felt the impact of the big model, people from a head online education company first make predictions and worries.

And which industries will be subverted by Agent first, and which industries will not be so fast?

The ability of large model is well known, but "IQ" is only a part of the landing of Agent. Even if OpenAI claims that AGI has come, it is difficult to make practical applications if you know nothing about the industry.

Just like a doctor at Stanford, if you don’t understand the industry and product attributes of a company, then the initial work will be very difficult. Therefore, we need to discuss more deeply which industries are more suitable for Agent landing.

For example, the online education industry that can be completely online and digital, especially during the past three years, many offline industries have been hit, while the online industry has developed rapidly because of the advantages of digitalization, and it will be subverted by Agent first. In contrast, robots or traditional industries are more difficult to be subverted in a short time.

At present, whether in China or the United States, a new consensus is gradually forming: firstly, Agent needs to call external tools, and secondly, the way to call tools is to output codes-LLM brain outputs an executable code, such as a semantic analyzer, which understands the meaning of each sentence, then converts it into a machine instruction, and then calls external tools to execute or generate answers.

Although the present form of Function Call needs to be improved, this way of calling tools is very necessary and the most thorough means to solve the illusion problem.

8. Will the future development pattern of Agent be a hundred flowers blossom or Winners take all?

In the future, the competition pattern of big models is becoming increasingly clear, and it is inevitable that several companies will dominate or be based on open source.

And in the next year or two, what will be the market structure of Agent, and will it form the same situation?

Because Agent can’t be universal, Agent is not a monopoly, but will form a very long tail supplier pattern. There will be many Agent in the market, each of which is operated by a different company.

Like the previous generation NLP, many AI companies provide intelligent customer service or automatic outbound service, but each company can only serve a few customers and cannot form scale effect. Based on the technical judgment of Agent today, it is not much different from the previous generation.

Although the semantic understanding of LLM is universal, the combination of Agent environment and domain we discussed before is not universal, which will lead to a very scattered market, and no stronger company will appear.

Of course, Agent is also divided into depth.(major)And shallowness(universal)Two types.

We want to be a general Agent. In the market environment of China, if an Agent is deeply integrated with the enterprise, it will eventually become "outsourcing" because it needs to be privatized and integrated into the enterprise workflow. Many companies will compete for big customers in insurance companies, banks and automobiles. This will be very similar to the outcome of the previous generation AI company, and the marginal cost is difficult to reduce, and it is not universal.

The future is the world of Agent. Under the Agent process today, the story of AI yesterday is still repeated, and the privatization deployment will face challenges.

This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:Brother Fei said AI (AI(ID:FeigeandAI), author: Gao Jia

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Party branch builds a community to solve the problem of property management.

  [Looking back at the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" and enjoying new achievements]

  "Our days are getting better and better, the community is clean and tidy, and the management is standardized and orderly. It is very comfortable to live in such an environment." In winter, although the weather is getting cold, Wang Min, who lives in Kangxingyuan Community, Cuntan Street, Jiangbei District, Chongqing, looks at the changes in the community and feels warm in her heart.

  In recent years, the process of urbanization has accelerated, and the contradiction of residential property has gradually become prominent, which has increasingly become a shortcoming of urban grassroots governance. In some places, property conflicts once accounted for 70% of the total number of letters and visits.

  How to solve this problem? "Jiangbei District adheres to the guidance of party building as the main line, integrates the party’s leadership into all aspects of property community governance, and explores ‘ Strengthen the guidance of party building, persist in resolving according to law, guide residents’ autonomy, and strengthen effective supervision ’ Working methods, get through to serve the masses ‘ The last 100 meters ’ 。” The main person in charge of the organization department of Jiangbei District Committee said that most of the difficulties encountered by the masses can be solved without leaving the community, and the continuous resolution of property conflicts has effectively improved the sense of acquisition and happiness of the masses.

  It is more direct to serve the masses from "breakpoint" to "contact"

  "Everyone trusts you. If you can be elected as the branch secretary and elected to the industry Committee, the masses will be more at ease." At the beginning, Ling Chiang, secretary of Dongjiaxi Community, found the owner Zhou Rong many times and wanted to invite her to participate in the community management.

  "I have done management work before, but I have been retired for many years and it is difficult to participate in community governance." Zhou Rong always refuses. "Don’t be too busy to refuse me. We are fully combining the party branch setting with the residential building, building the party branch into the residential area and building the party group into the building. Now it is more convenient and direct to serve the residents." After several exchanges, Zhou Rong promised to transfer the organizational relationship from the original unit to the community and run for the post of Party branch secretary of the community to serve the residents of the community.

  "In the past, there was no single party branch or party group in Jinxiu Beibin Community, and community party organizations went to the property community to become ‘ Breakpoint ’ 。” Ling Chiang said, the first thing to carry out party building to lead and resolve the contradiction of residential property is to build the party branch in the residential area and the party group in the building, and at the same time establish the party branch in the industry Committee and the property management company to build a "community party Committee — Community Party Branch — Building Party Group+Property Party Branch "mode, so that the building and the community party member can contact and coordinate to solve the building and community affairs. After the establishment of the Party branch of Jinxiu Beibin Community, four party groups were established with the building as the unit, and party member, a member of the industry committee, served as the leader of the party group.

  At present, there are 19 Party branches in Jinxiu Beibin Community in party member, and the establishment of Party-Mass Post Stations in each building not only ensures a place for party member’s study and activities, but also gives the owners a place for discussion and leisure.

  Change from "disorder" to "order" and do practical things according to the law and regulations

  "oriental home Community has more than 8,000 permanent residents and is also an old community with concentrated houses." Yang Mingying, a resident of the community, told the reporter that with the aging of the community, property conflicts arose and accumulated, especially when the term of office of the fourth industry Committee expired, the original industry Committee could not perform its duties normally, resulting in some contradictions being resolved in time.

  "The urgent task is to elect a new industry committee. We have learned the lessons from the unsuccessful last change. This change was promoted in accordance with the property regulations from the beginning. " Li Shengquan, secretary of the Party Working Committee of Huaxin Street, said. Street community party organizations intervened in advance, and guided and supervised the election of industry committees in accordance with the "six-step work method" of organizing publicity, selecting representatives, collecting applications, setting up special classes, preparing for the conference, and electing according to law.

  "The regulations are well-known and the community is shared harmoniously. We went home to publicize the newly revised property management regulations, which were distributed by one household to help residents learn the law in their lives, find the law when they encounter problems, and solve problems by law. " Gou Yingrong, secretary of the Party Committee of oriental home Community, said that during the election process, the opinions and suggestions put forward by the owners were sorted out and investigated, and they were solved one by one through door-to-door visits and joint meeting research, thus winning the trust. Finally, a new industry committee was successfully elected according to law. Among the five members of the industry committee, there were 3 party member and 2 people, and the newly elected director of the industry committee was the secretary of the community party branch, achieving "one shoulder and one shoulder".

  "The selection of the industry committee is the starting point, not the end point. Next, we will lead the community industry committee and the property company to accomplish the practical things they promised to do and build a harmonious and beautiful livable home." Yan Yingrong said.

  Change from "incurable" to "autonomous". The masses participate in mass affairs.

  "Parking in the community is too messy. It has been many years ‘ An incurable disease ’ 。” Shengli Garden Community is a typical rural-to-non-resettlement community, and the phenomenon of disorderly parking of vehicles is prominent, which brings hidden dangers to the safety of residents in the community.

  "Only by letting residents manage their own affairs and play the role of masters can we truly build a beautiful and happy home that residents are satisfied with." In order to solve the parking problem, Zou Saixia, a member of Tieshanping Street Committee, was appointed as the first secretary of the community, and a working group for resolving property conflicts headed by the first secretary was set up. The industry committee and the property management company were combined to "receive issues" through various channels, and many parties earnestly talked about "ideas", discussed and organized "plans", posted a list to make public the way, specially reviewed "conventions", and residents voted "final decisions". In the end, the community formed a "two stops and three stops" parking convention (unilateral parking, parking spaces, non-stop fire exits, non-stop sidewalks, non-stop corners), and the property management company added 350 parking spaces on the road in the community, which not only solved the parking difficulties, but also allowed the fire exits to be used normally.

  "After the establishment of the industry Committee, we not only solved the difficulty of parking, but also established rules and regulations in time to let autonomy run on the institutional track. At present, we have solved seven problems, such as throwing objects at high altitude and not lighting street lamps." Zhang Qizheng, director of the Industry Committee of Shengli Garden Community, said that the community has initially formed an autonomous network of "community-led autonomy, community autonomy and residents’ participation in autonomy", and has embarked on a road of community mass autonomy led by party organizations.

   (Reporter Zhang Guosheng Li Hong)

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No clothes, no robes: designing "barrier-free clothing" for the disabled

  Zhang Xiaoli is designing clothes. The picture is provided by the interviewee

  Xu Jinze is massaging his clients. The picture is provided by the interviewee

  Life photos of Ganshanna. The picture is provided by the interviewee

  Zhang Xiaoli’s team designed a dress for Ganshanna. The picture is provided by the interviewee

  Hu Wenbing was awarded the honorary title of Hubei Model Worker. The picture is provided by the interviewee

  "Try not to go out and drink water."

  It takes Wang Juan 20 minutes to an hour to get dressed once.

  As a paraplegic patient with cervical spinal cord injury, she has no consciousness below the clavicle, only her arms can move slightly. Dressing is the first topic every day among the many difficulties she has to face in life.

  After years of exploration, Wang Juan has developed a suit of dressing procedures.

  First of all, she needs someone to help her. This person is usually her mother. Every morning, Wang Juan lies flat on the bed, and her mother lifts her leg, first puts the foot cover into trouser legs, and then pulls the waistband up a little. Usually at the thigh, the pants can’t be pulled. Mother wants Wang Juan to lie on her side, lift her waist and thighs, and then continue to pull the pants until she can’t.

  Then the other leg, repeat the same process until the pants are completely put on.

  "It’s like a pancake that has been tossed from side to side." Wang Juan teased himself.

  Put on her pants and she can be moved to a wheelchair to put on her coat. The upper body is out of control, so she can only lie in her mother’s arms and keep her back hanging with her mother’s support, so that the clothes piled up at the shoulder and neck can be pulled down.

  There are few clothes in summer, and in winter, from thermal underwear to knee pads, you have to put them on your body layer by layer, so Wang Juan chooses to go out less.

  I have to bend down to dress my daughter. Wang Juan’s mother suffers from lumbar muscle strain. Although she has raised the bed and put on an auxiliary belt, she still needs to rest several times during dressing. Looking at all this in bed, Wang Juan couldn’t help thinking, "What should I do if my mother can’t take care of me one day?"? I want to go back to the original appearance and stay in bed? "

  There are more than 85 million disabled people in China. In recent years, their situation has attracted more and more public attention, and the construction of barrier-free facilities in public spaces has been improved. However, in private spaces, they still have many individual and specific needs, and dressing is one of them.

  For Li Feiyu, 24, dressing is no longer a problem. When she was 7 years old, she was paralyzed by acute myelitis, and for the next 17 years, she was accompanied by a wheelchair. The mother did not take care of her daughter as a weak person, but asked her to take care of herself as much as possible within her ability.

  Li Feiyu can’t remember the details of learning to dress as a child, leaving only the impression of "very hard and difficult". What she remembers deeply is a set of dressing movements that have been practiced. Li Feiyu feels that it is more difficult for many people who encounter disability difficulties in adulthood to learn to wear clothes than themselves.

  Li Feiyu works as a volunteer tutor in a public welfare project called "Life Reconstruction", teaching people to wear undresses in wheelchairs. I can’t talk about any skills. Most of the time, the tutor can only do it by himself. By repeatedly undressing, the students can follow suit.

  It is not difficult to learn the process and skills. After two or three days of classes, most students can master the basic skills. The hard part is that after that, they need to let their skills and limbs run in for a long time, and finally find the best dressing tips for them.

  Li Feiyu remembers a former weightlifter. After the girl was paralyzed by spinal cord injury, she became strongly dependent on her parents and relatives and refused to take care of herself. When she first entered the training camp, she called the nurse for help in everything. Li Feiyu patiently guided her and taught her how to dress independently. Pants can’t be lifted up, and girls used to think that they were not strong enough. "But she is a weightlifter. It can’t be a matter of strength. She just didn’t find the trick." Li Feiyu recalled.

  "This is a cognitive problem. Many disabled people think that I am sick, I can’t, and others have to help me. This concept is very dangerous. I hope disabled friends can have a more independent life." Wang Juan said.

  "Independence" is limited after all. For example, when going to the toilet, the reporter learned in the interview that many wheelchair users with lower limbs paralysis will try not to drink water when going out, because going to the toilet is very troublesome. They need to lift their bodies from the wheelchair with their arms, and then one person will help them to take off their pants. Because their lower limbs can’t stand, they can’t sit on the toilet in a normal posture like ordinary people. Someone needs to set them up and ride backwards on the toilet with the barrier-free handrail.

  In 2006, Wang Wenjuan, who taught in the Department of Fashion and Costume Design of Beijing University of Technology, went to Chaoyang District Disabled Persons’ Federation for investigation. A wheelchair user calmly showed her the whole process of going to the toilet, while the scholar cried.

  She thought, there is a surplus of fashion for the able-bodied and the disabled have never owned their own clothes in the real sense. "We should see more of the needs of these minorities."

  Real designers are not designers.

  The concept of "barrier-free design" was born in the architectural field at the beginning of the 20th century. The original intention of this concept is to create a "convenient, safe, equal and participatory" space for the disabled by using modern architectural design skills.

  At the beginning of this century, in China, few people tried to combine "barrier-free" with "clothing design". Therefore, when the design team of Beijing University of Technology began to do relevant research, everything seemed to "cross the river by feeling the stones".

  Wang Wenjuan recalled that she and her team members sought support from the Disabled Persons’ Federation and set up a research meeting. However, most people with disabilities are inconvenient to go out, so they go to other activities organized by the Disabled Persons’ Federation to conduct on-the-spot research while the participants are resting. In order to better understand the immediate needs of the disabled, they will try to reconstruct the scene, such as tying their arms with ropes to simulate armless people, or wearing protective gear to experience the feelings of hemiplegic patients.

  In such research, they found some real needs. For example, most armless people use their feet instead of their hands, so they need to consider adding more functional designs to their lower body clothes, "putting pockets on their legs"; The underarms of crutches bear pressure and friction for a long time, so it is necessary to consider increasing the wear resistance and breathability of the underarm fabric of their tops; Visually impaired people have higher requirements for shoes. When they walk, they usually need to "explore the road with their feet", and the wear rate of shoe tips is high.

  Different types of disabled people have different needs for clothing. Even people with similar disabled parts, individual differences in concept, symptoms and body shape make their demands for clothing different. These demands are hidden and complicated, which put forward very high requirements for the preliminary research work of the design team of Beijing University of Technology.

  "Wheelchair users" is the research focus of the design team of Beijing University of Technology. On the one hand, they have the most prominent clothing barriers, and on the other hand, people with physical disabilities are the largest in all disability categories, accounting for about 29%.

  For "wheelchair people", clothing design should not only realize the basic functions such as "putting on and taking off conveniently", but also pay attention to the needs of many details. For example, pants should be high-waisted, because they usually need to wear diapers to go out, and high-waisted pants can cover the upper edge of diapers; The crotch design needs to be wider than ordinary people’s pants, because wheelchair users sit for a long time all the year round, and the waist and buttocks are easy to accumulate fat; Cuffs are easy to wear because they often push wheelchairs, and at the same time, complicated design should be avoided to prevent them from being involved in wheelchairs; For men, ordinary belts and front crotch zippers may cause sedentary discomfort.

  "People with disabilities are eager for us to solve the problem. In fact, they didn’t have much idea about clothes before, thinking that clothes should be worn like this and they are used to it." Wang Wenjuan said.

  Before understanding the concept of "barrier-free clothing", Zhang Xiaoli was such a patient. At the age of 11, she was forced to sit in a wheelchair because of the severe kyphosis deformity of 180 degrees, which compressed her nerves and caused paralysis of her lower limbs.

  "I used to feel unconsciously that there were no clothes suitable for us. I couldn’t buy clothes and I couldn’t wear the confidence of ordinary people." Zhang Xiaoli recalled, "I have never worn a skirt beautifully, and it is my biggest dream to wear a dress properly."

  Twelve years later, 23-year-old Zhang Xiaoli finished spinal orthopedic surgery and put on a skirt. She cried happily, which also prompted her to think further: "Why are there no clothes specially made for the disabled?"

  In 2021, Zhang Xiaoli came across the enrollment brochure of Chengdu Textile College and came up with the idea of making clothes for the disabled. She applied for this school and began to study fashion design. With the support of her teachers, she established a design team of "barrier-free clothing".

  She named this project "23-degree Clothing Setting" because in her hometown of Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province, 23 degrees Celsius is the most comfortable temperature, and she also learned that the most comfortable temperature that human body can feel is 23 degrees Celsius.

  "This is what I understand as barrier-free clothing. People with disabilities can find the most suitable and comfortable feeling by wearing such clothes." Zhang Xiaoli said.

  In Wang Wenjuan’s view, the core of "barrier-free clothing" is its functionality, and "solving problems is the first purpose". For example, she and her team designed the "barrier-free and convenient pants" for wheelchair users, and designed the pants as a piece of cloth-style fully open style. Instead of lying on the bed as before, they can be spread on the wheelchair, sit directly on it, and then zip the open cloth edge. At the same time, in order to solve the toilet problem of wheelchair users, this team has made a crotch design that can be opened and closed directly from behind, reducing the steps of wearing and taking off.

  Wang Wenjuan recalled that to design a barrier-free garment, it is necessary to know the actual needs of the disabled people through investigation and study, and make repeated measurements and communication during the design process to constantly confirm the specific situation of the wearer.

  "It’s not a one-off event, but an iterative process." Wang Wenjuan said, "So the real designers of barrier-free clothing are not the designers themselves, but those with disabilities. We just help them complete the design according to their needs."

  Put it on, not hide it.

  Zhang Peng, a professor at the Department of Fashion Design of Beijing University of Technology, pointed out that it is important to consider the functionality when designing barrier-free clothing, and at the same time, it is also necessary to consider the wearer’s acceptance in psychology and emotional dimension, and it is necessary to pay attention to both function and aesthetics.

  In the survey, the team found that when people with disabilities are asked about their demands on the appearance of clothes, their expression is often: "Please let me be like a normal person."

  "Being normal" is Ganshanna’s dream.

  Similar to Zhang Xiaoli, Ganshanna suffers from severe scoliosis. Looking from the back, her right waist is empty, while her left waist protrudes high, and the height difference between her shoulders is significant.

  When she was a child, Ganshanna never dared to think about her "favorite clothes" because she could only wear "suitable clothes". When mother and grandmother buy clothes for her, the first principle has always been "how to better cover up the physical abnormality".

  Ganshanna wears a lot of clothes that she doesn’t like, but she never asks, "because I think it’s good that I can have clothes to wear."

  She drew her longing on paper. The clothes she likes but can’t wear are quietly hidden in the album by her. "It seems that they belong to me after painting." She remembers that there was a beautiful girl in the class who had beautiful and inexhaustible clothes. Ganshanna was a little jealous, but more envious. "I want to be friends with her, and I want to be close to my ideal type."

  The reality is that Ganshanna’s fantasy is always broken by her classmates’ abuse of "monsters". She suppressed her desire for beautiful clothes. "I don’t think anything a little better suits me, so I can’t think about pursuing it anymore."

  Wang Juan and Ganshanna have similar mental processes.

  Recalling the days before the car accident at the age of 19, Wang Juan would talk about her fighting with friends, running, shopping and wearing high heels herself.

  There used to be many pairs of high heels in Wang Juan, with different materials, colors and heel heights … … Fill the shoe cabinet. Later, she got into a wheelchair and threw away all her high heels.

  She said that you don’t need many shoes in a wheelchair, because you don’t need to walk, and a pair of shoes can last for a long time. For her paralyzed lower limbs, a pair of shoes is far more important than "good-looking". Give her shoes, mother should squat down in front of her legs, try to loosen her knees, and then slowly put her feet into the shoes. There is always a toothbrush in the storage bag on the back of her wheelchair. When she can’t put on her shoes, her mother will use the toothbrush back to smooth the toes in the shoes.

  Wang Juan always wears those pairs of shoes that are convenient to put on and take off, and more importantly, "I don’t want to see my old high heels again."

  A few years before the accident, Wang Juan was lying in bed all day, counting the folds on the curtains, counting from left to right, and counting the concave surfaces before counting the convex surfaces. "That’s the only place my eyes can see except the ceiling.".

  At that time, she no longer had any expectations for life and the future.

  The turning point came in 2015. Teachers from the local Disabled Persons’ Federation Rehabilitation Center found Wang Juan and invited her to participate in a public welfare training camp for people with spinal cord injuries.

  "I don’t know how to describe it in words, but this training camp has such magic. You have found a group life similar to yours. When you see others’ self-confidence and cheerfulness, you will feel that I can change my life and live well."

  Wang Juan recalled that when he first entered the camp, many people didn’t wear shoes, or wore colorful thick-soled wool socks knitted by rural elders. She explained that these people are at home all the year round and have no need to go out, so they don’t need shoes; Or they want to continue the state at home, what it is like at home, and it is still the same outside.

  There is a boy with a head of hair that obviously collapses on one side. Wang Juan thinks of herself. She also has the same hairstyle when she is in bed all the year round. She used to love to wear clothes, go shopping and buy fashion. After paralysis, she wore a flower sleeping jacket all day. "I don’t think there is any problem with this. It seems that everyone agrees that this is what I should wear."

  When she arrived at the training camp, Wang Juan saw that some injured friends who were also in wheelchairs were dressed appropriately. After returning home, she asked her mother to take out one of her down jackets and didn’t want to go out in cotton pajamas. Mother’s first reaction was to refuse. She concluded that Wang Juan could not put on her old clothes, and most of them were given away or thrown away.

  At Wang Juan’s insistence, her mother helped her put on the down jacket. It was just a very ordinary and plain black down jacket, but she never forgot it.

  Wang Juan asked her mother why she felt that she couldn’t wear her old clothes. She remembered her mother mumbling, "I don’t know what to think, but I think you can’t wear your old clothes."

  After the training camp, at a party with injured friends, Wang Juan bought the first hairband after the injury. "You ask me why I want to buy it? I don’t know. But I saw it when I was shopping. At that moment, I saw myself through the mirror. I thought I was beautiful. I think I want to have it, I should have it, and I deserve it. "

  Ganshanna has also gained the sense of beauty and dignity brought by dress.

  When she was a freshman in high school, she bravely tried on a lavender "Lolita" dress under the recommendation of a friend. For her who has always had a strong sense of inferiority, it is a great challenge to try such a gorgeous dress style. Unexpectedly, she won the admiration of her classmates.

  This is the first time Ganshanna has gained confidence because of her appearance. After that, she tried different styles of dresses. With the support and encouragement of her friends, she gradually became indifferent to the negative comments.

  "People who praise me will shout it out louder." She said, "I feel that I also have the right to pursue beauty."

  When she was in college, Ganshanna heard of Zhang Xiaoli’s "23-degree dress-fixing" project in a fashion design competition, and "she felt stabbed in the heart at once". This is also the first time she has heard of "barrier-free clothing".

  After getting to know the Zhang Xiaoli team, Ganshanna has a "customized skirt". The "A-shaped" version well covers her distorted waistline due to scoliosis, and the bow that unfolds obliquely at the back visually adjusts her high and low shoulders.

  This dress also implies the blessing of Zhang Xiaoli team members to Ganshanna: "I hope she can change like a butterfly."

  The design is trapped in the drawings.

  When studying "barrier-free clothing" in 2006, the Department of Clothing and Clothing Design of Beijing University of Technology was still a "lonely pioneer". Nowadays, it has many "teammates", and many universities across the country have successively carried out research on "barrier-free clothing". However, until today, many design concepts are still trapped in drawings, and there are few real industrialized products.

  Some international clothing brands have also entered the field of design and production of barrier-free clothing. Tommy Hilfiger, an American casual clothing brand, designed jeans that can cover artificial limbs for people with disabilities; Nike, a sports brand, has developed a series of "GO FlyEase" sports shoes for the disabled. Some barrier-free fashion brands have emerged, such as Rebrith Garment and Tenbo. According to the report of Coherent Market Insights, an international data analysis organization, the global barrier-free clothing market is expected to reach 400 billion US dollars in 2026.

  Since 2017, several domestic enterprises have contacted the service team of Beijing University of Technology to discuss cooperation matters, including a well-known down jacket enterprise. Finally, after being evaluated by the marketing department, the brand gave up its investment and turned to overseas markets with more profitable space. There are also some venture capital companies that are more willing to speculate on concepts.

  "We hope to serve social groups, but corporate investors are more concerned about benefits." Wang Wenjuan helpless way. She understands the concerns of enterprises, and the research and development of "barrier-free clothing" is difficult and the production cost is high. Choosing "barrier-free clothing" means rebuilding the team and production line. "All design teams and technical teams … … The materials may be different from before, and the risks faced by enterprises are great.

  In addition, different from the garment design of healthy people, the individual status of disabled people is very different, and there is no "standard size" due to the lack of relevant measurement data, which makes it difficult to achieve assembly line mass production of garments and needs to be customized according to individual needs.

  "The ideal state is to be able to solve individuality from commonness." Wang Wenjuan said. But it also means greater investment in research and development.

  Wuhan textile University professor Yan Jun introduced that the overall size of foreign garment industry is small, with a long development time and a high degree of refinement. "They can have 11 sizes for a pair of trousers, and we may generally have only 4 sizes. Foreign garment enterprises are more accepting of the complexity of garment production."

  China’s clothing industry has the origin of cooperation with foreign trade enterprises after the reform and opening up, and it has the gene of mass production itself. Mass production is the consensus of many clothing enterprises, which will also affect the willingness of enterprises to invest in "barrier-free clothing".

  Compared with the high cost of original design, the cost of pirated clothing is low. According to Wang Wenjuan, in recent years, China has paid great attention to the protection of patent property rights, and the designers’ association has been studying the issue of clothing copyright, but clothing is too easy to be pirated. "You have worked hard, and if you put it into the market, it may be pirated immediately. You are helping them develop it at no cost."

  Even if we can go to the last stage of production, sales will be a big problem. There are more than 85 million disabled people in China. On May 15th this year, the China Disabled Persons’ Federation held a theme conference on the Day of Helping the Disabled, indicating that by the end of 2022, 10.455 million disabled people would be included in the minimum living guarantee. Most people with disabilities have low economic level and poor consumption power. The price of "barrier-free clothing" of foreign brands is thousands of yuan, which is difficult for them to afford.

  "The difficulties faced by barrier-free clothing are all aspects. It is a comprehensive and systematic problem. It is indeed valuable, but it is also difficult and needs to be promoted slowly." Wang Wenjuan concluded.

  Clothing is a symbol.

  Xu Jinze is a visually impaired person who has long been concerned about the protection of the rights and interests of disabled groups. In his view, the development dilemma of "barrier-free clothing" essentially reflects the general survival dilemma of disabled groups.

  He cited his visually impaired group as an example. On the surface, most visually impaired people’s dressing styles are very simple, simple and conservative. On the one hand, it is because of visual impairment that they limit their imagination of dressing. The deeper reason, he thinks, is that the visually impaired group "has a single living and growing environment, which leads to their single demand for beauty and clothing."

  He has been engaged in massage for the blind for a long time and is currently a partner of a chain massage brand. According to him, there are 17 million visually impaired people in China, and about 1.8 million people have formal jobs, and 90% of them are engaged in massage for the blind. On the other hand, most visually impaired people were educated in blind schools and grew up in a closed environment.

  "The environment in which we grow up, live and work defines our future, and clothing is just a representation under this definition. When we discuss clothing, we should pay attention to the humanistic factors and social problems behind it. "

  Compared with discussing "barrier-free clothing" from an industrial perspective, Xu Jinze believes that what this field needs more is actually a kind of "multi-integration" of society. The relationship between healthy people and disabled people should not be simply "seeing and being seen", but "accepting and being accepted". "We are all surrounded by a specific environment. It is not that you are unwilling to help us. It is that you can’t find our needs, and even we don’t know our own needs. We are separated."

  Xu Jinze mentioned that in Japan, visually impaired students can also study in normal public schools, and there will be teachers in charge of special education who will come to the school and class where the student is located to help him coach Braille and have barrier-free communication with his classmates. If this process continues from primary school to higher education, the student will naturally blend in with the surrounding environment, and after graduation, he will have the opportunity to engage in more kinds of jobs, without having to call for "getting to know each other" after he becomes an adult.

  Hu Wenbing, vice chairman of Wuhan Association for the Disabled, also stressed the importance of integrating the disabled into society.

  Hu Wenbing used to be an executive of a central enterprise. At the age of 37, he was disabled by a car accident. After the injury, he promoted the establishment of a "life reconstruction" public welfare training camp, aiming at helping the disabled to adjust their mentality, learn skills and reintegrate into normal society.

  Dressing teaching for wheelchair users is an important course of "Life Reconstruction" project, and Hu Wenbing is happy to see people’s concern about the dressing needs of disabled people.

  "Now it is no longer a society where people with disabilities are confined to their homes, especially those who are disabled the day after tomorrow. Many people have good academic qualifications and jobs before, if they can put on and take off their clothes and ‘ Erbian ’ If the problems are handled well, then they will have more opportunities to make their own careers in society. "

  In the training camp, Wang Juan saw many students regain their willingness to dress up in mutual support. Some people took off their knitted wool socks and put on fashionable snow boots, and began to pay attention to dressing decently and beautifully like healthy people.

  Wang Juan remembers that once, she and her friends were asked in the street where the wheelchair was rented. "I mistakenly think that we are healthy people who are too lazy to walk. It didn’t happen before. When others look at it, I think it is a disabled person or a patient. "

  Wang Juan also saw that a group of disabled people were rebuilding their lives with love and support. Clothing has become a symbol, expressing her and many disabled people’s demands and expectations to integrate into society. In her view, this expectation is nourished by the support and care of many parties in society, which is in line with the original intention of the birth of the "barrier-free concept".

  Although the development of "barrier-free clothing" still has a long way to go, the research team of the Department of Fashion and Fashion Design of Beijing University of Technology is still willing to remain optimistic. They said that in recent years, they have received more and more attention from multimedia, universities, enterprises and non-profit organizations. This concern itself represents the development trend of social concepts. At least in the field of fashion design, they hope that "barrier-free clothing" can convey an idea to students and the public:

  "Don’t be satisfied with your immediate needs, but pay more and more attention to others and society."

  Zhongqingbao Zhongqingwang Trainee Reporter Yan Sitong Source: China Youth Daily