年度归档 2025年5月27日

　　BEIJING, Beijing, November 27 (Reporter Qi Feng) Today, the 2017 written examination for civil servants of the central government and its affiliated institutions will be held. In the national examination, 1,486,300 people passed the qualification examination, an increase of 91,700 compared with last year, and the competition for the hottest position even reached "one in a million", setting a new record.

　　The number of applicants rebounded this year, with an average of 55 people competing for one position.

　　At 9: 00 this morning, the 2017 written national examination will be held simultaneously in provincial capitals and individual large cities. There will be an exam on the subject of "Administrative Professional Ability Test" from 9: 00 to 11: 00 this morning, and an exam on "Application for Theory" from 14: 00 to 17: 00 this afternoon.

　　This year’s national examination, a total of more than 120 central organs and their directly affiliated institutions and units managed with reference to the Civil Service Law plan to recruit more than 27,000 people, and the number of planned recruits is the same as that in 2016. Judging from the registration situation, according to the notification of the National Civil Service Bureau, a total of 1,486,300 people registered in this national examination passed the qualification examination of the employer, an increase of 91,700 compared with 1,394,600 last year, an increase of 6.58% year-on-year. Judging from the recruitment ratio, among the candidates who applied for the exam, an average of 55 people competed for one position.

　　So far, the number of applicants for the national examination has been more than one million for nine consecutive years, among which the number of applicants for the national examination in 2014 reached a peak of 1.52 million, and the number of applicants for the national examination in 2015 and 2016 dropped to 1.409 million and 1.3946 million respectively. This national examination, registration rebounded again after two consecutive years of cooling.

　　The phenomenon of "abandoning the exam" needs attention. How many people will take the exam?

　　How many candidates walked into the national examination room today? Estimated or less than 1.48 million people. Over the years, many registered candidates finally chose to give up the exam. According to the statistics of Chinese public education, the number of people who abandoned the national examination in 2014 exceeded 400,000, the number of people who abandoned the national examination in 2015 reached more than 500,000, and the number of people who abandoned the national examination in 2016 exceeded 460,000.

　　On the eve of this year’s national examination, Peng Zhongbao, deputy director of the Examination Department of the National Civil Service Bureau, mentioned in an interview with the media that in recent years, the ratio of the number of civil servants enrolled in the central government and its directly affiliated institutions who passed the qualification examination to the number of recruitment plans is generally 50-mdash; Between 70.

　　"From the situation in recent years, the number of people taking the exam is around 1 million. The number of applicants and the number of people taking the exam have increased by tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands in some years, and decreased by tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands in some years, all of which belong to the normal floating range. It is difficult to describe it as getting hot or getting cold, cooling down or warming up." Peng Zhongbao said.

　　The position of the Central Committee of the NLD is "one in a million"

　　In this national examination, the most competitive position is the position of "the chief clerk of the reception desk and below" in the Central Office of the NLD. According to statistics, as of half an hour before the end of registration, the competition ratio of this position reached 9837:1, and its competition heat has exceeded 9411:1 of the hottest position in the national examination in 2013, setting a record high.

　　The most popular position from the Central Committee of the NLD, its specific work content is "engaged in the service of official reception of organs, the preparation of meetings and activities of organs". Some analysts said that in the annual national examination registration, the hottest position appears randomly in the registration. This position of the NLD Central Committee can "stand out" this year because its registration requirements are relatively loose.

　　There are jobs that are "one in a million", and some jobs are unattended. Peng Zhongbao revealed in an interview with the media that more than 100 positions have not passed the qualification examination after the registration of the central authorities this year. On the one hand, the conditions of these positions are relatively difficult, on the other hand, there are also reasons that the qualifications, majors and related work experience are not wide enough.

　　The "most stringent" national examination is coming, and many departments jointly crack down on cheating.

　　This examination is also the first national examination after the implementation of the new version of the Measures for Handling Violations of Discipline in Civil Service Examination. Some media use "the strictest" to describe the strictness of this national examination discipline.

　　According to the provisions of the "Measures", applicants who have serious violations of discipline and discipline will be disqualified and rejected, and will be recorded in the integrity archives of civil service examination and employment, and recorded for 5 years or long-term records as appropriate. Candidates will never be allowed to enter the civil service if they have colluded to cheat or participated in organized cheating and other particularly serious violations of discipline and discipline.

　　On the eve of the exam, Peng Zhongbao also said that during this year’s written test, experienced invigilators will be sent to various test sites and examination rooms, equipped with ID card identification devices, mobile phone signal shielding devices, video surveillance and other equipment. In addition, the Central Network Information Office, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and other departments will be joined together to resolutely investigate and deal with the use of the Internet to disseminate false information, deliberately interfere with and disrupt the normal examination order, severely crack down on high-tech cheating and exam-assisting criminal activities, and further purify the examination environment.

　　Pinyin typing, consulting dictionaries, learning Mandarin … Today, Chinese Pinyin has been integrated into all aspects of our lives, so that it is often overlooked that it is not ancient, but the product of China’s language modernization and the crystallization of the wisdom of several generations.

　　On May 10th, a symposium was held in Beijing to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the promulgation of the Chinese Pinyin Scheme. More than 100 representatives from education, scientific research, culture and other sectors discussed the historical experience and value of the times in the development, popularization and application of Chinese Pinyin.

　　1. From word of mouth to scientific programs

　　Why should we develop and promulgate the Chinese Pinyin Scheme? According to Wu Benyuan, the grandson of Wu Yuzhang, then director of the China Language Reform Commission, "In fact, the original purpose was very simple, that is, to use a good method to eliminate illiteracy."

　　In the early days of the founding of New China, China’s illiteracy rate reached 80%. In order to quickly change its backwardness and pay special attention to literacy and cultural popularization, the CPC Central Committee carried out three major tasks: simplifying Chinese characters, popularizing Putonghua and formulating a scheme to promote Chinese Pinyin.

　　At that time, the traditional pronunciation method and backcutting method in China showed obvious disadvantages in phonetic notation of Chinese characters. "Homophones should be used for straight sounds, while some syllables have no homophones, such as’ playing, brewing, and being timid’; Although some syllables have homophones, they are very uncommon. Note the sound is equal to no note. For example, the homophones of’ 司司’ have’ 司’ and’ 司’. Backcutting is to spell out a syllable with two Chinese characters for phonetic notation, such as’ one, it is difficult to master.’ " Su Peicheng, a professor of Chinese Department in Peking University, told the reporter, "You can’t use Chinese phonetic notation to learn Mandarin, because people who study like that can’t learn Mandarin if they read it according to dialect pronunciation."

　　The ancient ones don’t work, but what about the designs made by foreigners? Since the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the phonetic notation methods designed by foreigners for preaching and learning Chinese include Matteo Ricci’s Latin alphabet, British Wittoma pinyin and American Kennedy’s Yale pinyin. "These pinyin schemes are all for foreigners, and there is neither a unified phonetic standard nor the pursuit of accuracy corresponding to the pronunciation of Chinese characters." Yuan Zhongrui, executive director of Chinese Language Modernization Society, said that we need to create Chinese’s own more scientific and accurate scheme.

　　In fact, Chinese’s self-created pinyin scheme can be traced back to "At a glance" published by Lu Taizhang in 1892, and many schemes have been born since then, among which Wang Zhao’s mandarin letters, Wu Zhihui’s phonetic alphabet, li jinxi Zhao Yuanren’s national language Roman characters (Guoluo) and Qu Qiubai Wu Yuzhang’s northern Latin new characters (Beila) have the greatest influence. However, these schemes can’t meet the demand because they are not convenient for international communication or are not precise, simple and accurate.

　　In 1955, the Central Committee instructed the China Character Reform Commission to study and formulate new Chinese phonetic alphabet tools. After three years of research and development, the National People’s Congress passed and promulgated the "Chinese Pinyin Scheme" on February 11th, 1958, and it was quickly popularized throughout the country.

　　Following the "book with the same language", China culture ended thousands of years of oral history and started the era of "homophony".

　　2. From literacy tools to cultural bridges

　　"The main purpose of the Chinese Pinyin Scheme is to phonetic Chinese characters and spell Mandarin to help literacy, unify pronunciation and teach Mandarin. The purpose is to facilitate the people to learn and use Chinese characters and promote the further unification of Chinese, and it is not used to replace Chinese characters." On February 3rd, 1958, Wu Yuzhang clearly explained the two major functions of Chinese Pinyin-phonetic notation and spelling.

　　Over the past 60 years, China’s illiteracy rate has dropped from 80% at the beginning of the founding of New China to 4.08%, the popularization rate of Putonghua has increased to over 70%, and the proportion of literate people using standardized Chinese characters has exceeded 95%, all thanks to Chinese Pinyin.

　　Besides, designing special languages such as sign language and Braille, improving and creating minority languages, arranging all kinds of dictionaries, books, files, medical records, documents and other materials, and forming terms and codes … After 60 years of development, the function of Chinese Pinyin has gone far beyond the original idea and has become an indispensable and important tool. Zhang Wei, secretary of the Party Committee and president of China Braille Publishing House, said: "Chinese Pinyin is an important foundation for compiling sign language and Braille, which provides convenience for disabled people to fully participate in social life on an equal footing and share the development achievements of social civilization."

　　Especially after the 1990s, with the advent of the era of globalization, informationization and intelligence, Chinese Pinyin has become an important tool for Chinese characters to input information by using international computer keyboards because of its colloquial, phonemic and Latin features, which has made ancient Chinese characters take the information express train to the world.

　　With the development of the Belt and Road Initiative, Chinese Pinyin is more widely used in teaching Chinese as a foreign language. "Because of the particularity of ideographic characters of Chinese characters, foreigners can’t get the pronunciation from the glyphs of Chinese characters, so in the primary stage, pinyin is generally adopted to help Chinese beginners get started quickly." Zhao Guocheng, deputy director of Hanban, told reporters that Chinese Pinyin has become an important basis for teachers of Chinese as a foreign language to train students in pronunciation, rhyme and intonation.

　　This is just as Zhou Youguang, a famous linguist and one of the main founders of the Chinese Pinyin Scheme, pointed out when Chinese Pinyin was implemented for 50 years: "In the past 50 years, the application of Chinese Pinyin has expanded at an alarming rate. Originally mainly used in the field of education, it is now significantly used in the field of industry and commerce. Originally, it was mainly a literacy tool for primary schools, but now it has been widely developed as a medium for information transmission. It turned out to be the key to domestic culture, and now it extends to an international cultural bridge. "

　　3. From national standards to international standards

　　“The city of Beijing！” On July 13th, 2001, Samaranch, then president of the International Olympic Committee, announced that Beijing would be the host city of the 2008 Olympic Games. The spelling of "Beijing" in Chinese Pinyin has replaced the Weitoma Pinyin "Peking" commonly used in the international community in the past. This subtle change has witnessed the course of Chinese Pinyin from foreign schemes to domestic schemes, from national forms to international forms, from internal and external differences to internal and external consistency, and from national standards to international standards.

　　As early as 1977, the United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names decided to adopt the Chinese Pinyin Scheme as the international standard for spelling Chinese geographical names in China, which became the first step for Chinese Pinyin to go global.

　　Two years later, China, on behalf of Zhou Youguang, proposed to the Technical Committee for Standardization of Information and Documentation, an international organization for standardization, that the Chinese Pinyin Scheme should be taken as an international standard. In 1982, ISO 7098 Document Work-Chinese Roman Alphabet Spelling officially became the international standard of Chinese Roman Alphabet Spelling. This indicates that Chinese Pinyin has become an international standard from the national standard in China.

　　However, for a long time after that, the actual situation of Chinese Roman alphabet spelling in the world was still multi-scheme, and at the same time, Chinese Pinyin Scheme, wade Style and Yale Pinyin coexisted, and many countries and fields still acted according to their own habits. Considering this actual situation and the new requirements for Chinese Pinyin at home and abroad in the information age, it is necessary to revise the previous scheme.

　　Since 2011, China has officially started the revision of ISO 7098, and in June 2015, it was unanimously approved by the Technical Committee of Information and Literature Standardization, an international organization for standardization. Feng Zhiwei, the leader of the revision working group and a researcher at the Institute of Language and Character Application of the Ministry of Education, told the reporter: "The publication of this new international standard will help to improve the level of document automation in a digital and intelligent environment, so that Chinese Pinyin can play a greater role in international document work and further promote Chinese Pinyin to the world." Li Yuming, a well-known linguist in China, commented that this updated international standard "is a new step for Chinese Pinyin to enter the world, and also a new international step for Chinese culture". (Reporter Chai Ruzhen)

　　Juan Carlos Izpisua, a 59-year-old Spanish scientist, successfully cultivated the "human pig embryo" in 2017. Now he and his team have completed the experiment of "human monkey embryo" again, and the embryo has been formed and can be born at any time. However, this plan was forced to stop when the embryo was 14 days old, because other scientists were worried that if the human monkey was really born in the end, it would probably produce self-awareness and eventually lead to self-destruction.

　　According to Spanish media reports, the research team of Salk Institute in California and Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM) in Spain conducted this experiment this year. They implanted human stem cells into monkey embryos, and finally the embryos gradually grew out of human tissues, and they formed smoothly, and they could also be born from female monkeys normally. Carlos pointed out that the formed stem cells can be used in human organ transplantation in the future, which is a major breakthrough in medical development.

　　However, many scientists believe that human monkey embryos will violate morality and ethics. The 14-day-old human monkey embryo was ready to develop the central nervous system, but under the pressure from the outside world, the Carlos team had to stop the plan urgently. á ángel Raya, director of the Barcelona Center for Regenerative Medicine, questioned: "If the brains of human monkey embryos finally develop human neurons, it means that they will have self-awareness." There is an ethical problem of hybridization between humans and animals.

　　Even though the experiment of human monkey embryos has come to an end, Carlos still insists on trying to combine rodents with human stem cells. "It is also possible to try to use embryos of non-human primates in the future." He also said that he hoped to open up a new path for heart and eye transplantation.