Bai Juyi once said: "Articles are written in time, and songs and poems are written for things." Mao Zedong’s Long March poems artistically describe the battle course of the Red Army’s Long March, enthusiastically praise the Red Army’s brave and tenacious revolutionary spirit, and contain all kinds of lofty aspirations of the Communist Party of China (CPC) people. It is a heroic epic of China revolution and a brilliant pearl in China’s poetry treasure house.
Mao Zedong wrote a total of six poems during the Long March, namely, Recalling Qin E Loushanguan, Three Poems with Sixteen Characters, Seven Laws Long March, Niannujiao Kunlun, Qingpingle Liupanshan and Six-character Poems for Comrade Peng Dehuai. It should be noted that the Long March mentioned here refers to the Long March experienced by Mao Zedong himself, that is, the Long March of the Central Red Army, which lasted from October 1934 to October 1935.
During the Long March, blood shed, the Red Army was in a difficult situation, and Mao Zedong had a narrow escape. However, this just stimulated Mao Zedong’s creative desire. In December 1949, on the train to visit the Soviet Union, Mao Zedong said this to the Soviet Union’s Ni Federlin, who accompanied him: "When a person is in extreme test and exhausted, when he doesn’t know how many hours or even minutes he can live, there is still poetry to express such a grim reality. I’m afraid no one can explain this phenomenon … … At that time, at the critical moment of life and death, I wrote a few crooked poems. Although they were not well written, they were sincere. Now that the conditions are good and life is stable, I can’t write a line. "
Mao Zedong’s poetry works during the Long March, each capital has a specific time and place and the origin of creation, and each capital has its own specific content. Here is to sort out their main contents from the common aspects, from which we can understand the magnificent Long March and the great Long March spirit.
Xiongguan road is as iron as iron.
On November 29th, 2012, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader talked about realizing the Chinese dream when he visited the exhibition Road to Rejuvenation. He described the Chinese nation’s yesterday and the twists and turns of the China revolution with the words "Xiongguan’s road is as solid as iron" in Yi Qin E Lou Shan Guan.
The Long March is a phoenix nirvana after China’s revolutionary road exploration suffered great setbacks, a major turning point in the long journey of China revolution, a heavy page in the struggle of the Communist Party of China (CPC) people and a glorious chapter in the revolutionary history of China. Of course, we can’t ask poetry works to present the whole process or various details of the Long March in a panoramic way like documentary literature or movies or TV series.
Mao Zedong wrote a brilliant Long March poem with true feelings, broad vision, romantic feelings and profound skill. These works vividly reflect and reproduce the magnificent struggle life of the Long March, such as attacking Loushanguan, crossing Jinsha River skillfully, flying Luding Bridge, overcoming thousands of miles of snow, crossing Liupan Mountain, and "cutting tail" fighting, and so on.
Mao Zedong’s poems are indeed a true portrayal of the heroic Red Army’s glory under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. They are highly concentrated on the Long March spirit of unity, fear of sacrifice, perseverance and courage, and provide fresh teaching materials for us to deeply understand the Long March and the Long March spirit.
A man is not old when he travels all over the castle peak
Mao Zedong comes from a mountainous area and has an indissoluble bond with mountains. Many of his works are about mountains, and the poems about mountains are even more numerous. In the Long March poems, Mao Zedong described mountains most, such as Loushanguan, Wuling, Wumeng, Minshan, Kunlun and Liupanshan.
Mao Zedong records history with mountains, expresses his ambition with mountains, and builds his territory with mountains. The depth, tenacity and broadness of the mountain are integrated with his poems. The most typical one is "Three Poems with Sixteen Characters", in which he wrote the mountains magnificent, magnificent and flowing.
One of the "Three Orders of Sixteen Characters": "Mountain, gallop and whip before getting off the saddle. Looking back, I am three feet away from the sky. " Mao Zedong used exaggeration to highlight the height of the mountain, reflecting the heroic image of the Red Army flying over the mountain. Here, the mountain is objective, the object of aesthetics, and the object of conquest.
The second part of "Three Orders of Sixteen Characters": "Mountain, tumbling over the river, rolling huge billows. Pentium is in a hurry, and ten thousand horses are still fighting. " Mao Zedong turned static into dynamic, emphasizing the grandeur of mountains. He compared the mountains to surging waves and galloping horses, just like a revolutionary torrent rolling forward. Here, the mountain is subjective, the image of the subject and the aesthetic association.
The third part of "Three Orders of Sixteen Characters": "Mountain, piercing the blue sky, is not residual. Heaven wants to fall, and it depends on it. " The mountain pierced the sky and itself was intact, and the sky fell and there was a mountain top. Mountain, selfless, fearless and invincible, can really be described as a towering wall, without desire, it is just. Mountain, indomitable spirit and courage to take responsibility, is the embodiment of the Red Army team that saves the country and the people. Here, the mountain is both the object and the subject, and it is the unity of subjectivity and objectivity.
Another phenomenon is worth noting. The image of the red flag appears many times in Mao Zedong’s poems. For example, "flag sickle and axe" and "red flag jumps over Tingjiang". The red flag is a symbol of the revolution, representing not only the Red Army, the red regime, but also the revolutionary road of China. Mao Zedong fought in the south and the north, and the red flag was his life.
And Mao Zedong often associates mountains with red flags. For example, "the banner is in sight under the mountain", "the red flag is picturesque under the mountain", "the red flag is chaotic under the mountain", "the red flag is over the mark when the wind blows" and so on.
The image of Shanjia Red Flag is a true portrayal of Mao Zedong’s long revolutionary career. Mao Zedong climbed Yuelu Mountain in pursuit of knowledge, thought about the truth of saving the country and the people, and led troops to Jinggangshan in order to explore the revolutionary road suitable for China’s national conditions. Mao Zedong’s life path came from the mountains, and the road to revolutionary success with China characteristics was sought and extended in the mountains.
There is also the image of mountains and red flags in Qingpingle Liupanshan during the Long March. "The peak is on Liupanshan, and the red flag is rolling in the west wind." The red flag of the China revolution, from Jinggangshan all the way to the Central Soviet Area and Liupanshan, not only failed, but was even more dazzling. The red flag fluttering in the wind on Liupanshan Mountain shows the revolutionary nature of the Long March and is also an artistic representation of the revolutionary will of the Red Army soldiers.
Be firm and persistent in expressing one’s ambition in poetry.
"Expressing ambition through poetry" is Mao Zedong’s consistent proposition and his creative guide. Poetry not only vividly records Mao Zedong’s life’s struggle footprint, but also vividly embodies his value orientation and mission of leading the people of China to save the nation and make great efforts to govern, and profoundly shows the goal pursuit and ideal realm of the Communist Party of China (CPC) people.
The direct purpose pursued by the Long March is nothing more than two: one is to completely get rid of the military encirclement and suppression of the Kuomintang reactionaries; One is to quickly go north to the anti-Japanese front. In Mao Zedong’s Long March poems, there are two poems that appropriately express these two purposes of the Long March.
The first sentence is "Today’s long tassel is in hand, when will black dragon be bound" in Qingpingle Liupanshan. Black dragon, originally meant to be fierce. In the annotation of Nineteen Poems by Chairman Mao in 1958, Mao Zedong specifically explained the specific meaning of black dragon: "black dragon: Chiang Kai-shek, not Japanese. Because the current spirit is to deal with Chiang Kai-shek, not Japan. "
Obviously, resisting Chiang Kai-shek is the top priority of the Long March. Unless the Kuomintang’s military encirclement and suppression campaign is broken, the Red Army cannot protect itself, and nothing else can be discussed. "Today’s long tassel is in hand, when will black dragon be bound" is a concrete action to realize the great ideal, which directly expresses the heroic Red Army’s strong determination to defeat the enemy.
The second sentence is "peaceful world, cool and hot around the world" in Niannujiao Kunlun. Kunlun Mountain is covered with snow all the year round. Melting ice and snow in summer will lead to floods and harm China. So Mao Zedong decided to lean on the sky and draw a sword to split it into three sections. Then, "a piece left in Europe, a piece given to the United States, and a piece returned to the East." The original "Return to the East" was "Stay in China". In 1958, Mao Zedong commented: "Change one sentence, ‘ 1. Interception of China ’ , changed to ‘ A piece returned to the East ’ . It is wrong to forget the Japanese people, so Britain, the United States and Japan are involved. "
At that time, Japanese imperialism was invading China on a large scale, and Mao Zedong could still think of taking care of the Japanese people when distributing Kunlun Mountain. What a broad mind! "Taiping world, the world is as cool and hot as this." Peace in the world and harmony in the world are the common pursuit of people with lofty ideals throughout the ages, and of course they are also the lofty ideals of the Communist Party of China (CPC) people. However, as long as there is an imperialist war of aggression, this ideal cannot be realized.
The moral of Niannujiao Kunlun is very profound. Mao Zedong wants to transform Kunlun Mountain, the essence of which is to overthrow imperialism. In 1958, when explaining the theme of this word, he said: "Kunlun: The theme is against imperialism, not anything else." The theme of this word is broad and significant, which is rare in the world, and it has shaped a glorious image based on China, looking at the world, caring for all mankind and being more magnificent than Kunlun Mountain.
Of the trying long march the Red Army makes light:
In 1936, when Mao Zedong was interviewed by edgar snow, he once said with deep feelings, "The Red Army has experienced numerous difficulties and obstacles, crossed the longest, deepest and fastest rivers in China, crossed some of the highest and most dangerous mountain passes, passed through fierce indigenous areas, trudged through deserted grasslands, endured severe cold and heat, wind, frost, rain and snow, and was pursued by half of the China White Army — — The red army has passed all these natural obstacles. "
"The Red Army is not afraid of difficult expeditions, and Qian Shan is only idle", and tackling difficulties is an important content of the Long March poems. The west wind is fierce, three feet away from the sky, the Jinsha River is warm on the cliff, the Dadu Bridge is cold on the cross rail, I like the snow thousands of miles in Minshan Mountain, the peak on Liupan Mountain, and the mountain is high and the road is deep. Every mountain and river on the Long March is a gate of hell, which is a severe test for the Red Army.
Mao Zedong is brave enough to face all challenges. He despises all difficulties and obstacles. "The Xiongguan Road is like iron, but now it’s a leap from the beginning." Don’t think that Loushanguan, and while one man guards it, ten thousand cannot force it and the heroic Red Army passed by. In Mao Zedong’s view, the "Five Ridges Waves", which straddles several southern provinces, are just a few waves rolling in a small stream, which is nothing to mention.
Mao Zedong doesn’t take Wumeng Mountain, a steep and towering mountain, as a matter of fact. At best, it is just a small mud ball rolling at the foot of the Red Army, which is really insignificant. "If you don’t reach the Great Wall, you’re not a hero, and you’ll have a stroke of 20 thousand." The Red Army arrived in Liupanshan and suffered a lot, but Mao Zedong only had two trips to Wan Li, which was really not enough, and he felt wanting more.
Heroes are really stalwart
Throughout the ages, there are countless works that record heroic achievements, express heroic behaviors, praise heroic qualities and shape heroic images in the form of poems. However, these works often focus on expressing personal aspirations and feelings, and the object of eulogizing is either an individual hero or a collection of individual hero images. However, Mao Zedong’s Long March poems are self-contained and unique.
Edgar snow wrote in Red Star over China: "Mao Zedong’s narrative has begun to break away from ‘ Personal history ’ The category has been sublimated into a great movement without trace. Although he is in a dominant position in this movement, you can’t see his existence as an individual. What is described is no longer ‘ I ’ , but ‘ We ’ The; It is no longer Mao Zedong, but the Red Army; It is no longer a subjective impression of personal experience, but an objective historical record of a bystander who cares about the rise and fall of human collective destiny. "
The content of Mao Zedong’s poems is not his personal history of struggle or expedition, and the image he created is by no means his self-portrait. He did not focus on describing the image of individual heroes, but devoted himself to shaping the group image of Red Army heroes. They have lofty revolutionary ideals, common goals, high fighting will and resolute heroic character. This heroic image is indomitable and brilliant, with boundless power.
In addition to "Six-character Poems for Comrade Peng Dehuai" dedicated to praising General Peng, the protagonists in other works have no specific reference. Any military action described in the Long March poems, such as attacking Loushanguan, crossing the Jinsha River skillfully, crossing the Dadu River forcibly, crossing the snowy mountains, etc., is not an individual act, but a unified action of the Red Army.
There is the word "I" in many poems of Mao Zedong, such as "I won’t speak first when spring comes", "I’m going back to Cliff King" and "I’m your bosom friend". Here "I" is the author himself. But in the Long March poems, "Now I call Kunlun" and "Only I am General Peng", "I" is not only the author himself, but also us. Both individuals and groups; He is both the author and the Red Army.
The word "I" is no longer seen in the poems "Now March from the beginning", "The Red Army is not afraid of expedition difficulties", "After the three armed forces, make a full face" and "You are not a hero until you reach the Great Wall". On the surface, "I" has faded out, but I am clearly in it, but I no longer exist as an isolated individual. The "ego" has been completely replaced by the "ego" of the Red Army team and has entered the realm of "no ego".
Mao Zedong experienced the process from "ego" to "ego", then to "forgetting me" and finally to "no ego". China’s poetic tradition of "expressing ambition through poetry" was sublimated by Mao Zedong into a new realm of "ego" and "ego", and "self-existence" and "non-ego" were integrated into one.
(Author Wang Jianxin is the vice president of China Jinggangshan Cadre College)
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