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Ten Common Faults of ＂Collection＂ Automobile Gearbox and Their Causes Analysis

The gearbox of a car, like the engine, is an oversized part of the car, and the cost can account for 15-30% of the whole car price. Generally, there will be no fault in the gearbox, but a fault is a big trouble. Today, we selected ten common faults of automobile gearbox and analyzed them one by one to share with you.

Common fault 1: oil leakage

Fault analysis:There is oil oozing from the gearbox housing or oil pan, one reason is that the seal is aging and the seal is poor; Another reason is that the shell has trachoma caused by poor manufacturing process.

Common faults 2: delayed entry, impact and engine flameout.

Fault analysis:The normal standard for entering the gear is to feel entering the gear within 1-1.2 seconds. When the brake pedal is released, the vehicle will slowly start without stepping on the accelerator pedal and gradually extract the speed of 10-20km/h..

If it is more than 2 seconds after entering the file, locate the delay of entering the file. This situation needs immediate repair.

If there is a strong impact feeling when entering the gear, the impact will be positioned.It should be noted that any automatic gearbox has a certain degree of impact when it enters the gear.If there is no feeling at all, it means that there is an internal fault. However, this shock is unacceptable, and the causes of this fault phenomenon are very complicated, including many aspects except gearbox.

The situation of dead fire when entering the gear is that the engine will die when entering the gear. This problem is more obvious when the car is cold. This problem is caused by gearbox problems and other body systems.

Common fault 3: hang in D or R, and the engine is turned off.

Fault analysis:This failure may be caused by the damage of the locking solenoid valve or the card issue of the locking control valve.

After shifting into D or R gear and releasing the brake, the vehicle does not move. Or the car can travel a short distance after the cold car starts, but it can’t travel in the hot car state. This situation is mostly caused by the damage of input shaft or reverse clutch, or the damage of D/R brake. It may also be that the automatic gearbox is seriously leaking oil and is seriously short of oil. The connecting rod or cable between the shift lever and the rocker arm of the manual valve is loose, and the manual valve is kept in neutral or parking position.

Common fault 4: the oil inlet screen is blocked; The main oil circuit is seriously leaking; Oil pump damage

Fault analysis:The impact and impact of vehicle shifting during driving is also a common fault phenomenon of automatic gearbox, which may be caused by too dirty gearbox oil, resulting in stuck valve body.

Common fault 5: the gearbox slips and the acceleration is weak; Transmission water inlet

Fault analysis:When the car is running, there is the sound of engine idling during the acceleration of the gas valve, and the speed of the car does not increase, which makes the whole car feel weak. This phenomenon is mostly caused by the burning of the clutch plate. Water enters the gearbox due to external reasons, resulting in abnormal operation of the gearbox. This may be due to oil in the water tank or water entering from the gearbox vent cap.

Common fault six: abnormal sound

Fault analysis:Abnormal sound can be divided into many situations. (1) is the abnormal sound of the bearing. Generally, the abnormal sound of the bearing is closely related to the rotational speed. The higher the rotational speed, the more screams there are.

(2) is the differential or main transmission gear abnormal sound, this kind of abnormal sound generally appears in the speed of 50-70 km is more obvious, because the meshing surface of the gear is not

Similarly, when refueling, the noise is obvious, and the noise of releasing the throttle is obviously weakened.

(3) is the abnormal sound of hydraulic system such as oil pump, which is closely related to the speed, but has nothing to do with the speed. When the speed is high, the oil pump is blocked to suck oil, which leads to screaming. It should be noted that the gearbox system works together with the bow | engine, chassis and other parts, and many sounds are mixed together, so it is not easy to identify it.

Common Fault 7: Odor in the box

Fault analysis:The gearbox works by hydraulic oil. When the oil temperature is too high, it will produce some combustion, and these peculiar smells will come out, which shows that some executive parts in the gearbox are not working properly.

Common fault 8: Automatic shift time is too long or too short.

Fault analysis:Generally, automatic gearboxes have a specific shift speed and speed. If it is found that the shift time is suddenly too long or too short, it means that the transmission ratio of the gearbox is out of proportion, and at the same time, it will feel that the engine speed is too high. What’s more, the gearbox does not shift gears, which indicates that there is something wrong with the gearbox.

Common fault 9: high engine speed while driving

Fault analysis:This problem is divided into two situations: high speed during steady driving and high speed during speed increase.

The high rotating speed during the steady process is caused by the failure of the high gear of the gearbox or the failure of the internal locking clutch of the button changer, so the gearbox needs to be repaired immediately.

The excessive speed in the speed-up process is controlled by the fuzzy logic of the electronic control system of the gearbox, so this standard needs a certain professional level to be completed.

Common fault 10: Engine idling

Fault analysis:Engine idling generally occurs in two situations.

First, when the vehicle is in a steady state, the bow and engine suddenly idling, and then it returns to normal when the speed slows down.

This situation generally shows that the gearbox suddenly drops from high gear to low gear in a short time, and the problem may be in the control system or cooling system, but there is nothing wrong with the gearbox itself.

Second, there is a short-term slip and idling phenomenon during acceleration or gear shifting.

The intuitive feeling is that the second one is not as powerful as the first one. In fact, it is just the opposite. Most of the problems of the second one lie in the clutch and other related links in the gearbox. It takes a lot more time and cost to deal with the complete disintegration and overhaul of the gearbox.

Have you learned everything?

About automobile knowledge and daily maintenance, repair, welcome private letter exchange.

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Talk about cancer, don’t change color, and understand these knowledge points

Talk about cancer, don't change color, and understand these knowledge points

　　April 15th to 21st this year is the 30th National Cancer Prevention Publicity Week, with the theme of "Comprehensive Policy"
Scientific cancer prevention. " Cancer is the main disease that threatens the health of Chinese residents. People are afraid of cancer, but they don’t understand it systematically. To this end, the reporter combed some knowledge points about cancer prevention and cancer prevention.

　　-which cancers have a high incidence?

　　Recently, the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer released the latest global cancer burden data, and China’s National Cancer Center also published "Analysis on the Prevalence of Malignant Tumors in China in 2022" in the Chinese Journal of Cancer. The results show that in 2022, there were 2.48 million new cases of lung cancer in the world, and it became the "largest cancer in the world" again. The disease burden of lung cancer in China is more prominent, ranking first in the sequence of cancer incidence and death. The top ten cancers in China are lung cancer, colorectal cancer, thyroid cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, prostate cancer and pancreatic cancer.

　　-cancer cases "men and women are different"

　　According to the latest data of "Analysis of Cancer Epidemiology in China in 2022", in 2022, there were about 4,824,700 new cancer cases in China (2,533,900 males and 2,290,800 females). Among the male population, the top five high-risk cancers are lung cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer and esophageal cancer in turn, accounting for about 65% of the total number of new cases of male cancer. Among women, the most common cancer is lung cancer, followed by breast cancer, thyroid cancer, colorectal cancer and cervical cancer, accounting for about 64% of the total number of new cases of female cancer.

　　-The incidence of cancer is "younger"

　　In the past, cancer was usually thought to occur in middle-aged and elderly people over 50 years old. In the past 30 years, the incidence of cancer among people under the age of 50 has been rising all over the world. According to the analysis data, the incidence of cancer in China is relatively low in the age group of 0-34, but it increases significantly from the age group of 35-39 (about 125.24 per 100,000 people) until it reaches its peak in the age group of 80-84 (about 1461.63 per 100,000 people). The overall incidence rate of men in the age group of 25 to 54 is lower than that of women, but after 60 years old, the incidence rate is higher than that of women.

　　Most nodules are not cancer.

　　Pulmonary nodules are not equal to lung cancer, and not all of them will develop into lung cancer. 95% of pulmonary nodules found in general physical examination are benign, but some benign lesions may turn into malignant in the long run. Thyroid nodules are common diseases in endocrine system. About one fifth of adults in China have thyroid nodules, and most benign thyroid nodules do not need special treatment, so regular follow-up is enough. Breast nodules are not a single disease, but a symptom or physiological state. Clinically, there are more benign breast nodules and fewer malignant ones, so high-risk groups should increase the frequency of physical examination appropriately.

　　Smoking is still the main risk of cancer.

　　According to The Lancet, nearly 4.45 million cancer deaths are caused by risk factors such as smoking, drinking and obesity, accounting for 44.4% of all cancer deaths in the world. Smoking is still the main risk factor of cancer in the world. Among the male population in China, the number of lung cancer deaths caused by smoking accounts for 24%. National Health Commission’s "Report on the Health Hazards of Smoking in China 2020" pointed out that from 2007 to 2017, the global smoking rate of people aged 15 and over decreased, about 19.2%, but in 2018, the smoking rate of people aged 15 and over in China reached 26.6%. In addition, as high as 68.1% of non-smokers in China have been exposed to second-hand smoke in public places, and the harm cannot be ignored.

　　-men should also prevent breast cancer.

　　Breast cancer is not exclusive to women, and men also have breast tissue, and they may also get breast cancer. However, there are relatively few breast tissues in men, and male breast cancer is rare. In 2022, for example, there were 357,200 cases of female breast cancer in China, and only 0.41 million cases of male breast cancer. Common symptoms of male breast cancer include breast pain, nipple depression, nipple rupture, nipple itching and desquamation, nipple discharge and bleeding. When breast tumors are found at the beginning, especially those near nipples, they should be examined early.

　　-cancer prevention physical examination for high-risk groups should be conducted regularly.

　　Anti-cancer physical examination is not the same as general physical examination. The general physical examination is aimed at the health examination of the general population, while the anti-cancer physical examination is aimed at the high-risk group of cancer. If you have a family history of cancer, long-term exposure to toxic and harmful substances or occupational exposure, long-term or heavy smoking and drinking, you should have regular cancer prevention physical examination.

　　Reporter: Zhao Dandan, Dong Ruifeng, Ma Xiaoyuan and Hu Ge.

　　Cartography: Hugo

[Editor in charge:

]

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Scientists have cultivated ＂human monkey embryos＂ to be self-conscious after birth.

　　Juan Carlos Izpisua, a 59-year-old Spanish scientist, successfully cultivated the "human pig embryo" in 2017. Now he and his team have completed the experiment of "human monkey embryo" again, and the embryo has been formed and can be born at any time. However, this plan was forced to stop when the embryo was 14 days old, because other scientists were worried that if the human monkey was really born in the end, it would probably produce self-awareness and eventually lead to self-destruction.

　　According to Spanish media reports, the research team of Salk Institute in California and Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM) in Spain conducted this experiment this year. They implanted human stem cells into monkey embryos, and finally the embryos gradually grew out of human tissues, and they formed smoothly, and they could also be born from female monkeys normally. Carlos pointed out that the formed stem cells can be used in human organ transplantation in the future, which is a major breakthrough in medical development.

　　However, many scientists believe that human monkey embryos will violate morality and ethics. The 14-day-old human monkey embryo was ready to develop the central nervous system, but under the pressure from the outside world, the Carlos team had to stop the plan urgently. á ángel Raya, director of the Barcelona Center for Regenerative Medicine, questioned: "If the brains of human monkey embryos finally develop human neurons, it means that they will have self-awareness." There is an ethical problem of hybridization between humans and animals.

　　Even though the experiment of human monkey embryos has come to an end, Carlos still insists on trying to combine rodents with human stem cells. "It is also possible to try to use embryos of non-human primates in the future." He also said that he hoped to open up a new path for heart and eye transplantation.

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No clothes, no robes： designing ＂barrier-free clothing＂ for the disabled

　　Zhang Xiaoli is designing clothes. The picture is provided by the interviewee

　　Xu Jinze is massaging his clients. The picture is provided by the interviewee

　　Life photos of Ganshanna. The picture is provided by the interviewee

　　Zhang Xiaoli’s team designed a dress for Ganshanna. The picture is provided by the interviewee

　　Hu Wenbing was awarded the honorary title of Hubei Model Worker. The picture is provided by the interviewee

　　"Try not to go out and drink water."

　　It takes Wang Juan 20 minutes to an hour to get dressed once.

　　As a paraplegic patient with cervical spinal cord injury, she has no consciousness below the clavicle, only her arms can move slightly. Dressing is the first topic every day among the many difficulties she has to face in life.

　　After years of exploration, Wang Juan has developed a suit of dressing procedures.

　　First of all, she needs someone to help her. This person is usually her mother. Every morning, Wang Juan lies flat on the bed, and her mother lifts her leg, first puts the foot cover into trouser legs, and then pulls the waistband up a little. Usually at the thigh, the pants can’t be pulled. Mother wants Wang Juan to lie on her side, lift her waist and thighs, and then continue to pull the pants until she can’t.

　　Then the other leg, repeat the same process until the pants are completely put on.

　　"It’s like a pancake that has been tossed from side to side." Wang Juan teased himself.

　　Put on her pants and she can be moved to a wheelchair to put on her coat. The upper body is out of control, so she can only lie in her mother’s arms and keep her back hanging with her mother’s support, so that the clothes piled up at the shoulder and neck can be pulled down.

　　There are few clothes in summer, and in winter, from thermal underwear to knee pads, you have to put them on your body layer by layer, so Wang Juan chooses to go out less.

　　I have to bend down to dress my daughter. Wang Juan’s mother suffers from lumbar muscle strain. Although she has raised the bed and put on an auxiliary belt, she still needs to rest several times during dressing. Looking at all this in bed, Wang Juan couldn’t help thinking, "What should I do if my mother can’t take care of me one day?"? I want to go back to the original appearance and stay in bed? "

　　There are more than 85 million disabled people in China. In recent years, their situation has attracted more and more public attention, and the construction of barrier-free facilities in public spaces has been improved. However, in private spaces, they still have many individual and specific needs, and dressing is one of them.

　　For Li Feiyu, 24, dressing is no longer a problem. When she was 7 years old, she was paralyzed by acute myelitis, and for the next 17 years, she was accompanied by a wheelchair. The mother did not take care of her daughter as a weak person, but asked her to take care of herself as much as possible within her ability.

　　Li Feiyu can’t remember the details of learning to dress as a child, leaving only the impression of "very hard and difficult". What she remembers deeply is a set of dressing movements that have been practiced. Li Feiyu feels that it is more difficult for many people who encounter disability difficulties in adulthood to learn to wear clothes than themselves.

　　Li Feiyu works as a volunteer tutor in a public welfare project called "Life Reconstruction", teaching people to wear undresses in wheelchairs. I can’t talk about any skills. Most of the time, the tutor can only do it by himself. By repeatedly undressing, the students can follow suit.

　　It is not difficult to learn the process and skills. After two or three days of classes, most students can master the basic skills. The hard part is that after that, they need to let their skills and limbs run in for a long time, and finally find the best dressing tips for them.

　　Li Feiyu remembers a former weightlifter. After the girl was paralyzed by spinal cord injury, she became strongly dependent on her parents and relatives and refused to take care of herself. When she first entered the training camp, she called the nurse for help in everything. Li Feiyu patiently guided her and taught her how to dress independently. Pants can’t be lifted up, and girls used to think that they were not strong enough. "But she is a weightlifter. It can’t be a matter of strength. She just didn’t find the trick." Li Feiyu recalled.

　　"This is a cognitive problem. Many disabled people think that I am sick, I can’t, and others have to help me. This concept is very dangerous. I hope disabled friends can have a more independent life." Wang Juan said.

　　"Independence" is limited after all. For example, when going to the toilet, the reporter learned in the interview that many wheelchair users with lower limbs paralysis will try not to drink water when going out, because going to the toilet is very troublesome. They need to lift their bodies from the wheelchair with their arms, and then one person will help them to take off their pants. Because their lower limbs can’t stand, they can’t sit on the toilet in a normal posture like ordinary people. Someone needs to set them up and ride backwards on the toilet with the barrier-free handrail.

　　In 2006, Wang Wenjuan, who taught in the Department of Fashion and Costume Design of Beijing University of Technology, went to Chaoyang District Disabled Persons’ Federation for investigation. A wheelchair user calmly showed her the whole process of going to the toilet, while the scholar cried.

　　She thought, there is a surplus of fashion for the able-bodied and the disabled have never owned their own clothes in the real sense. "We should see more of the needs of these minorities."

　　Real designers are not designers.

　　The concept of "barrier-free design" was born in the architectural field at the beginning of the 20th century. The original intention of this concept is to create a "convenient, safe, equal and participatory" space for the disabled by using modern architectural design skills.

　　At the beginning of this century, in China, few people tried to combine "barrier-free" with "clothing design". Therefore, when the design team of Beijing University of Technology began to do relevant research, everything seemed to "cross the river by feeling the stones".

　　Wang Wenjuan recalled that she and her team members sought support from the Disabled Persons’ Federation and set up a research meeting. However, most people with disabilities are inconvenient to go out, so they go to other activities organized by the Disabled Persons’ Federation to conduct on-the-spot research while the participants are resting. In order to better understand the immediate needs of the disabled, they will try to reconstruct the scene, such as tying their arms with ropes to simulate armless people, or wearing protective gear to experience the feelings of hemiplegic patients.

　　In such research, they found some real needs. For example, most armless people use their feet instead of their hands, so they need to consider adding more functional designs to their lower body clothes, "putting pockets on their legs"; The underarms of crutches bear pressure and friction for a long time, so it is necessary to consider increasing the wear resistance and breathability of the underarm fabric of their tops; Visually impaired people have higher requirements for shoes. When they walk, they usually need to "explore the road with their feet", and the wear rate of shoe tips is high.

　　Different types of disabled people have different needs for clothing. Even people with similar disabled parts, individual differences in concept, symptoms and body shape make their demands for clothing different. These demands are hidden and complicated, which put forward very high requirements for the preliminary research work of the design team of Beijing University of Technology.

　　"Wheelchair users" is the research focus of the design team of Beijing University of Technology. On the one hand, they have the most prominent clothing barriers, and on the other hand, people with physical disabilities are the largest in all disability categories, accounting for about 29%.

　　For "wheelchair people", clothing design should not only realize the basic functions such as "putting on and taking off conveniently", but also pay attention to the needs of many details. For example, pants should be high-waisted, because they usually need to wear diapers to go out, and high-waisted pants can cover the upper edge of diapers; The crotch design needs to be wider than ordinary people’s pants, because wheelchair users sit for a long time all the year round, and the waist and buttocks are easy to accumulate fat; Cuffs are easy to wear because they often push wheelchairs, and at the same time, complicated design should be avoided to prevent them from being involved in wheelchairs; For men, ordinary belts and front crotch zippers may cause sedentary discomfort.

　　"People with disabilities are eager for us to solve the problem. In fact, they didn’t have much idea about clothes before, thinking that clothes should be worn like this and they are used to it." Wang Wenjuan said.

　　Before understanding the concept of "barrier-free clothing", Zhang Xiaoli was such a patient. At the age of 11, she was forced to sit in a wheelchair because of the severe kyphosis deformity of 180 degrees, which compressed her nerves and caused paralysis of her lower limbs.

　　"I used to feel unconsciously that there were no clothes suitable for us. I couldn’t buy clothes and I couldn’t wear the confidence of ordinary people." Zhang Xiaoli recalled, "I have never worn a skirt beautifully, and it is my biggest dream to wear a dress properly."

　　Twelve years later, 23-year-old Zhang Xiaoli finished spinal orthopedic surgery and put on a skirt. She cried happily, which also prompted her to think further: "Why are there no clothes specially made for the disabled?"

　　In 2021, Zhang Xiaoli came across the enrollment brochure of Chengdu Textile College and came up with the idea of making clothes for the disabled. She applied for this school and began to study fashion design. With the support of her teachers, she established a design team of "barrier-free clothing".

　　She named this project "23-degree Clothing Setting" because in her hometown of Aba Prefecture, Sichuan Province, 23 degrees Celsius is the most comfortable temperature, and she also learned that the most comfortable temperature that human body can feel is 23 degrees Celsius.

　　"This is what I understand as barrier-free clothing. People with disabilities can find the most suitable and comfortable feeling by wearing such clothes." Zhang Xiaoli said.

　　In Wang Wenjuan’s view, the core of "barrier-free clothing" is its functionality, and "solving problems is the first purpose". For example, she and her team designed the "barrier-free and convenient pants" for wheelchair users, and designed the pants as a piece of cloth-style fully open style. Instead of lying on the bed as before, they can be spread on the wheelchair, sit directly on it, and then zip the open cloth edge. At the same time, in order to solve the toilet problem of wheelchair users, this team has made a crotch design that can be opened and closed directly from behind, reducing the steps of wearing and taking off.

　　Wang Wenjuan recalled that to design a barrier-free garment, it is necessary to know the actual needs of the disabled people through investigation and study, and make repeated measurements and communication during the design process to constantly confirm the specific situation of the wearer.

　　"It’s not a one-off event, but an iterative process." Wang Wenjuan said, "So the real designers of barrier-free clothing are not the designers themselves, but those with disabilities. We just help them complete the design according to their needs."

　　Put it on, not hide it.

　　Zhang Peng, a professor at the Department of Fashion Design of Beijing University of Technology, pointed out that it is important to consider the functionality when designing barrier-free clothing, and at the same time, it is also necessary to consider the wearer’s acceptance in psychology and emotional dimension, and it is necessary to pay attention to both function and aesthetics.

　　In the survey, the team found that when people with disabilities are asked about their demands on the appearance of clothes, their expression is often: "Please let me be like a normal person."

　　"Being normal" is Ganshanna’s dream.

　　Similar to Zhang Xiaoli, Ganshanna suffers from severe scoliosis. Looking from the back, her right waist is empty, while her left waist protrudes high, and the height difference between her shoulders is significant.

　　When she was a child, Ganshanna never dared to think about her "favorite clothes" because she could only wear "suitable clothes". When mother and grandmother buy clothes for her, the first principle has always been "how to better cover up the physical abnormality".

　　Ganshanna wears a lot of clothes that she doesn’t like, but she never asks, "because I think it’s good that I can have clothes to wear."

　　She drew her longing on paper. The clothes she likes but can’t wear are quietly hidden in the album by her. "It seems that they belong to me after painting." She remembers that there was a beautiful girl in the class who had beautiful and inexhaustible clothes. Ganshanna was a little jealous, but more envious. "I want to be friends with her, and I want to be close to my ideal type."

　　The reality is that Ganshanna’s fantasy is always broken by her classmates’ abuse of "monsters". She suppressed her desire for beautiful clothes. "I don’t think anything a little better suits me, so I can’t think about pursuing it anymore."

　　Wang Juan and Ganshanna have similar mental processes.

　　Recalling the days before the car accident at the age of 19, Wang Juan would talk about her fighting with friends, running, shopping and wearing high heels herself.

　　There used to be many pairs of high heels in Wang Juan, with different materials, colors and heel heights … … Fill the shoe cabinet. Later, she got into a wheelchair and threw away all her high heels.

　　She said that you don’t need many shoes in a wheelchair, because you don’t need to walk, and a pair of shoes can last for a long time. For her paralyzed lower limbs, a pair of shoes is far more important than "good-looking". Give her shoes, mother should squat down in front of her legs, try to loosen her knees, and then slowly put her feet into the shoes. There is always a toothbrush in the storage bag on the back of her wheelchair. When she can’t put on her shoes, her mother will use the toothbrush back to smooth the toes in the shoes.

　　Wang Juan always wears those pairs of shoes that are convenient to put on and take off, and more importantly, "I don’t want to see my old high heels again."

　　A few years before the accident, Wang Juan was lying in bed all day, counting the folds on the curtains, counting from left to right, and counting the concave surfaces before counting the convex surfaces. "That’s the only place my eyes can see except the ceiling.".

　　At that time, she no longer had any expectations for life and the future.

　　The turning point came in 2015. Teachers from the local Disabled Persons’ Federation Rehabilitation Center found Wang Juan and invited her to participate in a public welfare training camp for people with spinal cord injuries.

　　"I don’t know how to describe it in words, but this training camp has such magic. You have found a group life similar to yours. When you see others’ self-confidence and cheerfulness, you will feel that I can change my life and live well."

　　Wang Juan recalled that when he first entered the camp, many people didn’t wear shoes, or wore colorful thick-soled wool socks knitted by rural elders. She explained that these people are at home all the year round and have no need to go out, so they don’t need shoes; Or they want to continue the state at home, what it is like at home, and it is still the same outside.

　　There is a boy with a head of hair that obviously collapses on one side. Wang Juan thinks of herself. She also has the same hairstyle when she is in bed all the year round. She used to love to wear clothes, go shopping and buy fashion. After paralysis, she wore a flower sleeping jacket all day. "I don’t think there is any problem with this. It seems that everyone agrees that this is what I should wear."

　　When she arrived at the training camp, Wang Juan saw that some injured friends who were also in wheelchairs were dressed appropriately. After returning home, she asked her mother to take out one of her down jackets and didn’t want to go out in cotton pajamas. Mother’s first reaction was to refuse. She concluded that Wang Juan could not put on her old clothes, and most of them were given away or thrown away.

　　At Wang Juan’s insistence, her mother helped her put on the down jacket. It was just a very ordinary and plain black down jacket, but she never forgot it.

　　Wang Juan asked her mother why she felt that she couldn’t wear her old clothes. She remembered her mother mumbling, "I don’t know what to think, but I think you can’t wear your old clothes."

　　After the training camp, at a party with injured friends, Wang Juan bought the first hairband after the injury. "You ask me why I want to buy it? I don’t know. But I saw it when I was shopping. At that moment, I saw myself through the mirror. I thought I was beautiful. I think I want to have it, I should have it, and I deserve it. "

　　Ganshanna has also gained the sense of beauty and dignity brought by dress.

　　When she was a freshman in high school, she bravely tried on a lavender "Lolita" dress under the recommendation of a friend. For her who has always had a strong sense of inferiority, it is a great challenge to try such a gorgeous dress style. Unexpectedly, she won the admiration of her classmates.

　　This is the first time Ganshanna has gained confidence because of her appearance. After that, she tried different styles of dresses. With the support and encouragement of her friends, she gradually became indifferent to the negative comments.

　　"People who praise me will shout it out louder." She said, "I feel that I also have the right to pursue beauty."

　　When she was in college, Ganshanna heard of Zhang Xiaoli’s "23-degree dress-fixing" project in a fashion design competition, and "she felt stabbed in the heart at once". This is also the first time she has heard of "barrier-free clothing".

　　After getting to know the Zhang Xiaoli team, Ganshanna has a "customized skirt". The "A-shaped" version well covers her distorted waistline due to scoliosis, and the bow that unfolds obliquely at the back visually adjusts her high and low shoulders.

　　This dress also implies the blessing of Zhang Xiaoli team members to Ganshanna: "I hope she can change like a butterfly."

　　The design is trapped in the drawings.

　　When studying "barrier-free clothing" in 2006, the Department of Clothing and Clothing Design of Beijing University of Technology was still a "lonely pioneer". Nowadays, it has many "teammates", and many universities across the country have successively carried out research on "barrier-free clothing". However, until today, many design concepts are still trapped in drawings, and there are few real industrialized products.

　　Some international clothing brands have also entered the field of design and production of barrier-free clothing. Tommy Hilfiger, an American casual clothing brand, designed jeans that can cover artificial limbs for people with disabilities; Nike, a sports brand, has developed a series of "GO FlyEase" sports shoes for the disabled. Some barrier-free fashion brands have emerged, such as Rebrith Garment and Tenbo. According to the report of Coherent Market Insights, an international data analysis organization, the global barrier-free clothing market is expected to reach 400 billion US dollars in 2026.

　　Since 2017, several domestic enterprises have contacted the service team of Beijing University of Technology to discuss cooperation matters, including a well-known down jacket enterprise. Finally, after being evaluated by the marketing department, the brand gave up its investment and turned to overseas markets with more profitable space. There are also some venture capital companies that are more willing to speculate on concepts.

　　"We hope to serve social groups, but corporate investors are more concerned about benefits." Wang Wenjuan helpless way. She understands the concerns of enterprises, and the research and development of "barrier-free clothing" is difficult and the production cost is high. Choosing "barrier-free clothing" means rebuilding the team and production line. "All design teams and technical teams … … The materials may be different from before, and the risks faced by enterprises are great.

　　In addition, different from the garment design of healthy people, the individual status of disabled people is very different, and there is no "standard size" due to the lack of relevant measurement data, which makes it difficult to achieve assembly line mass production of garments and needs to be customized according to individual needs.

　　"The ideal state is to be able to solve individuality from commonness." Wang Wenjuan said. But it also means greater investment in research and development.

　　Wuhan textile University professor Yan Jun introduced that the overall size of foreign garment industry is small, with a long development time and a high degree of refinement. "They can have 11 sizes for a pair of trousers, and we may generally have only 4 sizes. Foreign garment enterprises are more accepting of the complexity of garment production."

　　China’s clothing industry has the origin of cooperation with foreign trade enterprises after the reform and opening up, and it has the gene of mass production itself. Mass production is the consensus of many clothing enterprises, which will also affect the willingness of enterprises to invest in "barrier-free clothing".

　　Compared with the high cost of original design, the cost of pirated clothing is low. According to Wang Wenjuan, in recent years, China has paid great attention to the protection of patent property rights, and the designers’ association has been studying the issue of clothing copyright, but clothing is too easy to be pirated. "You have worked hard, and if you put it into the market, it may be pirated immediately. You are helping them develop it at no cost."

　　Even if we can go to the last stage of production, sales will be a big problem. There are more than 85 million disabled people in China. On May 15th this year, the China Disabled Persons’ Federation held a theme conference on the Day of Helping the Disabled, indicating that by the end of 2022, 10.455 million disabled people would be included in the minimum living guarantee. Most people with disabilities have low economic level and poor consumption power. The price of "barrier-free clothing" of foreign brands is thousands of yuan, which is difficult for them to afford.

　　"The difficulties faced by barrier-free clothing are all aspects. It is a comprehensive and systematic problem. It is indeed valuable, but it is also difficult and needs to be promoted slowly." Wang Wenjuan concluded.

　　Clothing is a symbol.

　　Xu Jinze is a visually impaired person who has long been concerned about the protection of the rights and interests of disabled groups. In his view, the development dilemma of "barrier-free clothing" essentially reflects the general survival dilemma of disabled groups.

　　He cited his visually impaired group as an example. On the surface, most visually impaired people’s dressing styles are very simple, simple and conservative. On the one hand, it is because of visual impairment that they limit their imagination of dressing. The deeper reason, he thinks, is that the visually impaired group "has a single living and growing environment, which leads to their single demand for beauty and clothing."

　　He has been engaged in massage for the blind for a long time and is currently a partner of a chain massage brand. According to him, there are 17 million visually impaired people in China, and about 1.8 million people have formal jobs, and 90% of them are engaged in massage for the blind. On the other hand, most visually impaired people were educated in blind schools and grew up in a closed environment.

　　"The environment in which we grow up, live and work defines our future, and clothing is just a representation under this definition. When we discuss clothing, we should pay attention to the humanistic factors and social problems behind it. "

　　Compared with discussing "barrier-free clothing" from an industrial perspective, Xu Jinze believes that what this field needs more is actually a kind of "multi-integration" of society. The relationship between healthy people and disabled people should not be simply "seeing and being seen", but "accepting and being accepted". "We are all surrounded by a specific environment. It is not that you are unwilling to help us. It is that you can’t find our needs, and even we don’t know our own needs. We are separated."

　　Xu Jinze mentioned that in Japan, visually impaired students can also study in normal public schools, and there will be teachers in charge of special education who will come to the school and class where the student is located to help him coach Braille and have barrier-free communication with his classmates. If this process continues from primary school to higher education, the student will naturally blend in with the surrounding environment, and after graduation, he will have the opportunity to engage in more kinds of jobs, without having to call for "getting to know each other" after he becomes an adult.

　　Hu Wenbing, vice chairman of Wuhan Association for the Disabled, also stressed the importance of integrating the disabled into society.

　　Hu Wenbing used to be an executive of a central enterprise. At the age of 37, he was disabled by a car accident. After the injury, he promoted the establishment of a "life reconstruction" public welfare training camp, aiming at helping the disabled to adjust their mentality, learn skills and reintegrate into normal society.

　　Dressing teaching for wheelchair users is an important course of "Life Reconstruction" project, and Hu Wenbing is happy to see people’s concern about the dressing needs of disabled people.

　　"Now it is no longer a society where people with disabilities are confined to their homes, especially those who are disabled the day after tomorrow. Many people have good academic qualifications and jobs before, if they can put on and take off their clothes and ‘ Erbian ’ If the problems are handled well, then they will have more opportunities to make their own careers in society. "

　　In the training camp, Wang Juan saw many students regain their willingness to dress up in mutual support. Some people took off their knitted wool socks and put on fashionable snow boots, and began to pay attention to dressing decently and beautifully like healthy people.

　　Wang Juan remembers that once, she and her friends were asked in the street where the wheelchair was rented. "I mistakenly think that we are healthy people who are too lazy to walk. It didn’t happen before. When others look at it, I think it is a disabled person or a patient. "

　　Wang Juan also saw that a group of disabled people were rebuilding their lives with love and support. Clothing has become a symbol, expressing her and many disabled people’s demands and expectations to integrate into society. In her view, this expectation is nourished by the support and care of many parties in society, which is in line with the original intention of the birth of the "barrier-free concept".

　　Although the development of "barrier-free clothing" still has a long way to go, the research team of the Department of Fashion and Fashion Design of Beijing University of Technology is still willing to remain optimistic. They said that in recent years, they have received more and more attention from multimedia, universities, enterprises and non-profit organizations. This concern itself represents the development trend of social concepts. At least in the field of fashion design, they hope that "barrier-free clothing" can convey an idea to students and the public:

　　"Don’t be satisfied with your immediate needs, but pay more and more attention to others and society."

　　Zhongqingbao Zhongqingwang Trainee Reporter Yan Sitong Source: China Youth Daily

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It is time for Africa to get rid of its dependence on resource exports.

Dependence on resource export makes African economy vulnerable to the international political and economic situation and hinders African economy from achieving sustainable development. African countries need to diversify their exports, reduce their dependence on commodity exports and improve their economies’ ability to resist the global crisis. As a "promising continent", Africa can tap the growth potential of knowledge-intensive service industries, give play to the key role of small and medium-sized enterprises, release the kinetic energy of intra-African trade, promote economic and export diversification, and strive to climb to the middle and high end of the global value chain.

African countries are rich in natural resources, and the export of resources has created a lot of financial and foreign exchange income for African countries. However, the continuous fluctuation of commodity prices in recent years has also brought a big impact on African countries’ economies. As the Report on Economic Development in Africa 2022 released by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) recently said, African countries need to diversify their exports, reduce their dependence on commodity exports, and improve their economies’ ability to resist the global crisis.

According to UNCTAD’s standards, when more than 60% of a country’s total commodity exports are commodities, the country is considered as a commodity export-dependent country. Data show that 45 out of 54 African countries depend on the export of primary products of agriculture, mining and extractive industries. Dependence on resource export makes African economy vulnerable to the international political and economic situation and hinders African economy from achieving sustainable development.

Take Nigeria, once the largest oil producer in Africa, as an example. Although Nigeria has been striving to promote economic diversification, crude oil export is still the core driving force for Nigeria’s economic growth, and its macroeconomic situation is obviously affected by international oil prices. However, Nigeria has always been a net importer of refined oil due to the lack of adequate refining facilities in the country. For this reason, when the international oil price rises, Nigeria can’t "lie down and win", but it will cause oil shortage and trigger a series of negative economic impacts. This is the disadvantage of relying on the export of primary products and ignoring the construction of industrial capacity.

Climate change also affects the income of resource-based countries in Africa. In response to global warming, the international community is accelerating the process of decarbonization, making great efforts to invest in clean energy and greatly reducing investment in the oil and gas industry. Many fossil fuels in Africa may sleep underground forever. Although South Africa, Zimbabwe and other countries have a lot of coal resources, due to the net zero carbon emission target, inconvenient freight transportation and abnormal weather in ports, the coal export volume has declined this year compared with previous years.

It can be seen that getting rid of dependence on commodity exports at an early date is crucial to the sustainable economic development of African countries. As a "promising continent", Africa can make efforts in the following aspects to promote economic and export diversification and strive to climb to the middle and high end of the global value chain.

The first is to tap the growth potential of knowledge-intensive service industries. According to UNCTAD data, from 2005 to 2019, the level of service trade in Africa was low, and service exports only accounted for 17% of the total exports of the African continent. Moreover, Africa’s service exports are mainly low value-added transactions, of which tourism and transportation account for about two-thirds of service exports, while knowledge-intensive services such as information technology and financial services only account for 20% of Africa’s service exports, and there is still huge room for growth.

African countries can increase investment in knowledge and technology, cultivate more local talents, and promote the transformation and upgrading of their economies and export structures. At present, some international enterprises take advantage of the close time difference between Africa and Europe and the high English level of African people, and outsource their accounting and telephone services to African countries, which is the best embodiment of Africa’s service export potential. What’s more, if the broad masses of people in Africa can receive more skills education, besides serving international enterprises, they also have the ability to make higher-end goods for Africa, change the current situation of Africa’s export of primary commodities and services, and reduce environmental degradation caused by the exploitation of natural resources.

The second is to play the key role of small and medium-sized enterprises. According to the International Finance Corporation of the World Bank, there are about 50 million formal small and medium-sized enterprises in Africa, accounting for about 90% of the total number of enterprises on the African continent and employing about 60% of the labor force. But at the same time, their annual financing needs of 416 billion dollars are not met. The private sector and small and medium-sized enterprises are more flexible in their business methods and more willing to innovate, and can become engines to promote the diversification of African countries’ economies and exports.

African countries should create a better business environment and provide more innovative financial tools for the private sector and small and medium-sized enterprises, so that they can obtain affordable financial services and meet their huge and long-term financing needs. Financial technology enterprises are in the ascendant in Africa. African countries can completely improve the traditional credit channels, encourage relevant financial enterprises to support small and medium-sized enterprises through policies, bridge the huge funding gap faced by small and medium-sized enterprises, and create more innovation and investment opportunities by using financial technology.

The third is to release the kinetic energy of intra-African trade. The African Continental Free Trade Area was symbolically launched in early 2021, which became another milestone for African countries to unite and strengthen themselves and promote economic transformation. The free trade zone aims to create a single market for the 1.4 billion people on the African continent, which is of great significance to promoting the diversification of African exports. However, regional economic integration can’t be achieved overnight. Due to the COVID-19 epidemic, the negotiations on FTAs were once slow to advance online. At the same time, some countries were worried, and the ratification of FTAs faced some resistance. The dividends of FTAs on the African continent have not been fully released.

The vision of the African continent free trade zone is very beautiful, and activating intra-African trade will form a virtuous circle on the African continent — — The trade cost of goods and services in the region is reduced, and the increase in trade demand drives industrial development, thus creating jobs and stimulating the economy. At the same time, economic development has improved the business environment, and Africa has the opportunity to attract more investment, promote the further development of many fields such as industry, and finally realize the transformation and upgrading of economic structure and sustainable development. In the face of the differences in interests of all parties, African leaders should not forget the African proverb of "walking alone quickly and traveling far". They should uphold the spirit of pan-Africanism, coordinate various domestic interest groups, make political decisions as soon as possible, promote the implementation of the free trade agreement on the African continent, and gather stronger synergy for economic recovery and development in Africa after the epidemic.

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Hunan’s ＂new regulations＂ for weddings, funerals and celebrations will be implemented on November 1.

On September 29th, the reporter learned from the Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection that in order to strictly regulate the handling of weddings, funerals and other festive matters by party and state staff, advocate changing customs and traditions, and promote the building of a clean and honest party style, the Provincial Commission for Discipline Inspection has specially formulated and issued the Interim Provisions on the Handling of Weddings, Funerals and Celebrations by Party and State Staff in accordance with the relevant regulations of the Central Committee and the Provincial Party Committee, which will be implemented on November 1st this year.

The regulations are clear. When the party and state staff organize weddings, the total number of banquets shall generally not exceed 200 (20 tables). If the two parties jointly hold a wedding banquet in the same city, the total number of banquets shall not exceed 300 (30 tables). The scale of funeral should be strictly controlled. In addition, it is forbidden to invite and accept people other than relatives (immediate family members, collateral relatives within three generations and close in-laws) to participate in other festive events in any way.

The regulations emphasize the "two prohibitions" and "two prohibitions" for party and state staff to handle weddings, funerals and celebrations: it is not allowed to accept or accept in disguised form gifts and valuable gifts from people other than any unit and relatives; It is not allowed to give gifts and precious gifts to party and state workers who handle weddings, funerals and other festive matters outside relatives; It is forbidden for anyone other than any unit or immediate family member to pay the operating expenses that should be borne by himself; It is forbidden to use special vehicles such as law enforcement duty, and it is not allowed to use official vehicles in violation of regulations. The size of wedding convoys and funeral convoys shall not exceed 8 vehicles.

According to the regulations, party and state workers should report to the discipline inspection and supervision organs (institutions) at the same level or their own units five working days before the wedding, explaining the matters, time, place, number and scope of invitees, etc., and promise to abide by relevant disciplines, and report the compliance within 10 working days afterwards; If a funeral is arranged, the actual situation shall be reported within 10 working days after the event. The main responsible persons of Party committees, people’s congresses, governments and CPPCC at all levels shall report to the superior commission for discipline inspection for handling weddings and funerals.

The person in charge of the Provincial Discipline Inspection Commission stressed that if the party and state staff violate this regulation, the discipline inspection and supervision department will give criticism, education and organization to deal with it according to the seriousness of the case; If it constitutes a violation of discipline, it shall be given disciplinary sanctions. Gifts and precious gifts received in violation of regulations shall be collected. At the same time, if the party and state staff do not stop, investigate and deal with the violations of these provisions, or stop and investigate poorly, according to the provisions of the responsibility system for building a clean and honest government, the main leaders and leaders in charge of the unit shall be held accountable, and the qualification of appraising the unit in the current year shall be cancelled. (Reporter Qiao Yilei)

related news

　　Deputy Procurator-General of Ruicheng Procuratorate in Shanxi Province was dismissed from his post.

　　Urumqi issued the "seven prohibitions and four requirements" to standardize the wedding and funeral banquets for leading cadres.

　　Kuandian, Liaoning Province, made a big move on cadres in party member.

　　Fu Xiong, deputy secretary of the former Communist Youth League Committee of Zhoushan, Zhejiang, was sentenced to 10 years in prison for corruption in the first instance.

　　Wu Fengqi, a cadre at the rank of Hunan Phoenix People’s Congress, was placed on file for investigation on suspicion of serious violation of discipline.

Use the WeChat "Sweep" function to add "party member Learning Micro Platform"

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How do world leaders celebrate the New Year in 2020： Trump goes to the old place again.

　　Zhongxin. com, December 27 (Liu Danyi) There are only 4 days left in 2019! Many places around the world have entered the holiday mode.

　　Leaders of various countries also want to take this opportunity to take a rare rest. But not everyone can get what he wants. When Trump swings freely in warm Florida, Macron is burned by the general strike … …

　　How will these all-powerful political figures spend this New Year?

　　Data Map: US President Trump and First Lady Melania.

　　Trump: Golf is played every day, and you can’t get votes.

　　The American impeachment drama has not yet ended, but President Trump has "flashed" first.

　　On December 20, Trump and his family left Washington, DC, where the cold wind was blowing, and went to Haihu Manor in Florida to start their vacation.

　　According to reports, Trump will stay at Haihu Manor until after the New Year’s Eve. The Daily Mail said that, not surprisingly, he would play golf every day.

　　It is a well-known fact that Trump loves to play golf. Since taking office as president, as of December 22nd, Trump has played golf 245 times and spent nearly 22% of his presidency on golf courses.

　　Trump plays golf.

　　But during his vacation, Trump did not forget to canvass for the 2020 general election. His campaign launched a new website on Christmas Eve to help his supporters win the debate with their "liberal" relatives and friends.

　　The website contains pointers to a series of political issues, including economy, medical care, border wall and impeachment. Kelly McNee, the national press spokeswoman for the Trump campaign, said in a statement that they hoped that the president’s supporters would be "prepared" when the holidays came.

　　After the New Year, Trump will launch a non-stop campaign, and the first event will be held in Miami, Florida on January 3. Florida has always been a key swing state, and winning the electoral votes in this state is very important for its successful re-election.

　　Johnson: Brexit is dawning, and the island holiday is in a good mood.

　　British Prime Minister Johnson has been in a "good mood" recently.

　　After winning the election by gambling, the British Parliament successfully passed the second reading vote of the Brexit Agreement Bill. This means that if there are no accidents, Britain can leave the EU on time on January 31, 2020.

　　Johnson delivered a Christmas speech on the 24th. It seems that he is still immersed in joy. At the beginning of the video, he said happily, "Hello, I’m Boris Johnson, and I wish you a Merry Christmas first."

　　He also urged people to "not have too many disputes" during Christmas, and said: "I hope you are all enjoying a wonderful holiday with your loved ones, sharing gifts and eating delicious food." The relaxed "Brexit" Prime Minister made no mention of "Brexit" in his first Christmas speech.

　　According to British media reports, Johnson will take his girlfriend Kelly Simmons to the Caribbean for a holiday and usher in the new year in the warm sunshine.

　　Screenshot of British media reports on Johnson’s New Year holiday.

　　After the Christmas holiday, they will stay in the private island of Que Island, Masti for a few days. The couple will spend the New Year with the von Bismarck family, the descendant of the first German Prime Minister Bismarck.

　　This small island, located in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, is famous for its white sand beaches and is the favorite of the rich and famous.

　　Putin: Busy! It’s a bit difficult to miss work.

　　Not all heads of state can enjoy their holidays leisurely.

　　Statistics from the All-Russian Social Public Opinion Research Center show that nearly half of Russians call Putin the Russian politician of the year, and 22% of Russians are willing to invite him to their home to celebrate the New Year.

　　But Putin, who is busy, may decline this offer. Russian Presidential Press Secretary peskov said earlier that Putin would work as usual on December 31st. He added that even if he can rest, Putin will still spend most of his time at work.

　　According to tradition, the Russian head of state will come to the government building of the Russian Federation (Moscow White House) to meet with government officials on the occasion of the New Year. Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev recently wished Putin a happy New Year and suggested that he "take a break" if possible.

　　On December 31, 2018, Putin delivered a New Year message on TV in accordance with tradition, summing up the past year and determining the priorities for next year. It is expected that on the last day of this year, his New Year speech program will still be retained.

　　Macron: It’s ok to go on strike. Shall we finish the festival first?

　　Sending away the "yellow vest" ushered in a general strike. In 2019, France experienced an unsettled year.

　　Data map: French people demonstrated in the center of Paris.

　　In the past three weeks, French workers have protested against the pension reform plan proposed by the government, and the strikes have caused serious damage. During 23-24, 48% of high-speed rail and intercity railway were cancelled, and 20% of other railways stopped working.

　　French President Jacques Macron has called on the transport trade unions to suspend their strikes during the Christmas and New Year holidays, so that people can go home with peace of mind and spend the holidays with their families.

　　In order to quell the general strike, Macron also announced that he would give up the special pension granted by law to the president after the end of his term of office, becoming the first French president to do so in more than 50 years.

　　But at present, the strikers still don’t give in. Will the strike continue during the New Year after Christmas? The answer is yes. They went on strike for more than 20 days. "The government has not given a satisfactory answer. How can it stop there?"? Brown, head of the French Railway Workers’ Union, responded.

　　To make matters worse, in addition to railway and subway workers, French teachers and freelancers, including lawyers, also joined the resistance camp and will launch a strike on January 3.

　　Morrison: An apology is an apology. You can’t avoid a holiday.

　　In December, Australia broke the hottest record in history many times, and an unprecedented jungle fire is taking place in New South Wales.

　　Australian Prime Minister Morrison also set himself on fire. When the country was scorched by high temperature and wildfire, he couldn’t wait to go on holiday with his family before Christmas.

　　For this reason, Morrison had to apologize, shorten her holiday and return to Australia to inspect the disaster area.

　　Despite the storm of criticism caused by this vacation, Morrison did not rule out the possibility of more vacations. He said in a TV connection program that if he decided to spend another holiday with his family before the end of 2019, he would "follow the proper procedures".

　　Morrison said: "If I can spare a few days to be with my family, I will try to do it." (End)

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Enterprises send out the ＂big gift package＂ for the Spring Festival, and many measures are introduced to ensure the stability of jobs.

CCTV News:There is a big gap in the employment of testing reagent manufacturers, especially in packaging. In addition, the Spring Festival holiday is approaching, and the demand for employment is even more scarce. For this reason, manufacturers have issued Spring Festival "big gift packages" to attract employees to stay in their posts and continue to look at them.

In order to keep employees on the spot for the New Year, a COVID-19 testing reagent manufacturer in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province issued a cash-filled red envelopes to the employees who stayed in the post for the New Year. In the first three quarters of this year, the sales of testing reagents in COVID-19 reached 7.4 billion yuan, and at present, the orders of enterprises continue to increase. Put away the red envelopes, and the workers in the workshop are full of energy and full of horsepower to make orders. Li Xiuhua is a quality inspector of reagent finished products. She has chosen to stay in the company for the New Year for two consecutive years. This year, half of the employees in the company responded to the call to celebrate the New Year on the spot like her.

It is understood that migrant workers account for more than half of the production enterprises of these Covid-19 detection reagents in Zhejiang. In order to ensure that the Covid-19 test reagents can meet the needs of customers all over the world during the Spring Festival, many enterprises do not have a holiday during the Spring Festival, and they are trying to improve their treatment as much as possible and strive for employees to stay in their posts.

In view of the problem of labor shortage, in addition to enterprises offering real money to retain employees, local government departments have also introduced employment security measures for enterprises one after another. For example, Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province plans to put in 120 million yuan of "New Shaoxing People" coupons to promote enterprises to stay in their jobs and promote employees to stay in Shaoxing for employment.

Zhang Weiguo, Deputy Director of Employment Promotion and Unemployment Insurance Department of Shaoxing Human Resources and Social Security Bureau, Zhejiang Province:On the one hand, it is to issue a proposal to stay in Shaoxing for the New Year, to encourage employees to stay in their posts for employment, to guide enterprises to take scientific off-peak vacations, and to return to work in an orderly manner; On the other hand, we have formulated incentive measures, such as red envelopes for staying in posts, car rental subsidies, transportation subsidies, and recruitment incentives.

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Strive to make agriculture greener, countryside more beautiful and farmers richer.

Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, October 1st Title: Strive to make agriculture greener, countryside more beautiful and farmers richer —— Minister of Agriculture Han Changfu answered a reporter’s question on "Opinions on Innovating System and Mechanism to Promote Agricultural Green Development"

Xinhua News Agency reporter Dong Jun

Recently, General Offices of the General Office of the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council issued Opinions on Innovating System and Mechanism to Promote Green Development of Agriculture. Minister of Agriculture Han Changfu said in response to a reporter’s relevant question that this is the first document on agricultural green development issued by the CPC Central Committee, and it is also a programmatic document guiding the current and future agricultural green development.

Promote the formation of a coordinated development pattern of production and life ecology

Q: Why do you want to issue opinions on the theme of agricultural green development?

A:Promoting the green development of agriculture is an important topic in the agenda of deepening the reform of the central government in 2017. The issuance of opinions fully shows that the CPC Central Committee attaches great importance to the green development of agriculture, which is of great and far-reaching significance for unifying ideological understanding, doing a good job in top-level design, intensifying work, and solidly promoting the structural reform of the agricultural supply side and the green development of agriculture.

The green development of agriculture is related to national food security, resource security and ecological security, the construction of beautiful China, the well-being of contemporary people and the sustainable development of future generations. The opinions require us to stand at the strategic height of promoting the overall layout of the "Five in One" as a whole, fully understand the relationship between agricultural green development and ecological civilization construction, proceed from the reality of agricultural development, accelerate the innovation of institutional mechanisms, and promote the formation of a pattern of coordinated development of production, life and ecology.

The promulgation of the opinions shows that promoting the green development of agriculture is the clear requirement of the central government, the ardent expectation of the society, and the inherent need of agriculture itself. The economic and social conditions have been met and it has reached a new stage that must be accelerated. The opinions clarified the general requirements, basic principles, objectives, tasks and safeguard measures to promote the green development of agriculture, and made a series of institutional arrangements with equal emphasis on constraints and incentives at the institutional mechanism level, which will play a very important role in promoting the sustainable development of agriculture and accelerating agricultural modernization.

Fully describe the "road map" of agricultural green development

Q: What is the highlight of the opinion?

A:The opinions not only made the overall arrangement and system deployment, but also introduced a series of practical and effective policies and measures with high gold content, and described the "road map" and "timetable" for promoting the green development of agriculture.

For the first time, the overall goal of agricultural green development is comprehensively put forward-the number of cultivated land will not decrease, the quality of cultivated land will not decrease, groundwater will not be over-exploited, the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides will increase zero, and agricultural wastes such as straw, livestock manure and agricultural film will be fully utilized. At the same time, from the aspects of resource utilization, production environment, ecosystem and green supply, the overall goal is refined into specific goals by 2020 and long-term goals by 2030.

For the first time, four tasks of agricultural green development are clearly put forward: implementing the system of agricultural functional zones in terms of agricultural main functions and spatial layout, establishing the systems of agricultural productivity layout, agricultural resources and environmental protection and utilization control, agricultural green recycling and low-carbon production, and agricultural green development mechanism in poor areas; In terms of resource protection and economical utilization, we should establish the system of farmland rotation and fallow, save efficient agricultural water, and improve the system of agricultural biological resources protection and utilization; In terms of environmental protection and governance of producing areas, establish a prevention and control mechanism for the transfer of industrial urban pollution to agriculture, improve the system of reducing the use of agricultural inputs such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides, improve the system of resource utilization such as straw and livestock manure, and establish a recycling system for waste plastic films and packaging wastes; In restoring agricultural ecosystems, we will promote grassland ecological protection and restoration, and strengthen aquatic ecological protection and restoration, forestry and wetland conservation.

For the first time, this paper systematically puts forward the institutional arrangements to promote the green development of agriculture-establishing the prevention and control mechanism of industrial and urban pollution transfer to agriculture, establishing the green agricultural standard system, improving the agricultural ecological subsidy system, and improving the system of reducing the use of agricultural inputs.

For the first time, vigorously advocate the national action to carry out the green development of agriculture-in the production field, promote green production methods such as green production of inputs, resource utilization of wastes, and green circulation of processing and circulation; In the field of consumption, we will continue to carry out the "CD Action" to promote the formation of green lifestyles such as strict economy and low-carbon cycle.

Realize the coordination and unity of ensuring supply, income and ecology.

Q: Will the emphasis on green development affect the output of agricultural products? What major relationships need to be handled?

A:The opinion emphasizes that it is necessary to correctly handle the relationship between agricultural green development and ecological environment protection, food security and farmers’ income increase, and realize the coordination and unity of ensuring supply, income and ecology.

In dealing with the relationship between agricultural production and ecological environmental protection, we should avoid opposing agricultural production and ecological environmental protection. In recent years, some places have simply adopted the practice of reducing planting and closing farming, which has lost the original intention of development. To this end, the opinion puts forward that green orientation should run through the whole process of agricultural development, implement green production methods, and realize the coordinated development of production and ecology.

In dealing with the relationship with food security, we must insist that food security is the bottom line of agricultural green development. To reduce the utilization intensity of cultivated land resources and control the outstanding problems of agricultural environment, we should make overall consideration to consolidate and improve grain production capacity. The opinion puts forward that it is necessary to implement the strategy of "storing grain on the ground and storing grain in technology", adhere to the bottom line of national food security, and realize the coordination and unity of ensuring supply and protecting ecology.

In dealing with the relationship with increasing farmers’ income, we should put increasing the supply of green and high-quality agricultural products in a prominent position. The opinion puts forward that to promote the green development of agriculture, it is necessary to take increasing farmers’ income as the basic task, build a green development industrial chain value chain, accelerate the integration of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, improve quality, efficiency and competitiveness, turn green into efficiency, increase farmers’ income, and help overcome poverty.

The Ministry of Agriculture will work with relevant departments to study and formulate implementation plans, establish a coordinated promotion mechanism, and ensure that all policies and measures are implemented. At the same time, promote the establishment of national agricultural sustainable development experimental demonstration zones, and identify 40 national agricultural sustainable development experimental demonstration zones in the first batch this year, innovate mechanisms, create experiences, and promote the green development of local agriculture.

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Notice of Beijing Municipal Commission of Health and Wellness on Printing and Distributing Beijing Training Program for Integration of Medical Treatment and Prevention (2020 -2022)

Municipal Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Municipal Hospital Management Center, District Health and Health Committees, and relevant medical and health institutions:

　　In order to implement the Three-year Action Plan for Strengthening the Construction of Public Health Emergency Management System in Beijing (2020-2022) and strengthen the construction of public health system in our city, we hereby print and distribute the Beijing Training Plan for Medical Prevention Integration (2020 -2022) to you, please follow it. If you have any questions, please feedback to our Committee in time.

Beijing Municipal Health and Wellness Committee　　　　

December 1, 2020　　

　　(Contact person and contact information: Jingjing Shi, 83970736; Bai Bing, 83970737)

Beijing Medical and Prevention Integration Training Program (2020 -2022)

　　In order to implement the spirit of the opinions of the municipal party committee and municipal government on strengthening the construction of public health emergency management system and the requirements of the action plan, improve the ability of health professionals in disease prevention and control institutions, pre-hospital medical emergency institutions and secondary and tertiary medical institutions to deal with public health emergencies, and strengthen the integration of medical care and public health, this plan is formulated in light of the actual situation of this Municipality.

　　I. Guiding ideology

　　Guided by the integration of medical care and prevention, around the cross-training needs, improve the training system with the core of competence in dealing with public health emergencies. By carrying out standardized training to fill shortcomings, plug loopholes and strong and weak items, we will build a team of high-quality, skilled and capable medical and preventive compound backbone doctors, and further improve the emergency support ability and level of public health emergencies in the city.

　　Second, the training objectives

　　Through the planned and organized training on the integration of medical care and prevention, by 2022, the number of health professionals and technicians who have cross-trained among disease prevention and control institutions, pre-hospital medical emergency institutions and secondary and tertiary medical institutions in the city will reach more than 600, and a number of training bases and training materials combining public health with clinical medical care will be built.

　　Third, the training target

　　(a) two or three medical institutions to be promoted to vice high titles of internal medicine (including internal medicine, pediatrics, emergency department, general practice, infectious diseases) physicians.

　　(two) the emergency center intends to be promoted to the vice high title of clinician.

　　(three) the Center for Disease Control and Prevention intends to be promoted to a public health physician with the title of associate senior.

　　(4) Other doctors who voluntarily participate in the training.

　　Fourth, the training content

　　Clinicians in secondary and tertiary medical institutions mainly strengthen public health emergency ability, pre-hospital medical emergency ability and infectious disease diagnosis and treatment ability. Clinicians in emergency centers and public health doctors in centers for disease control and prevention mainly focus on strengthening the ability of clinical diagnosis and treatment, prevention and control of nosocomial infection and diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.

　　(A) public health emergency response capacity

　　Laws and regulations on the prevention and control of infectious diseases, key points and prevention and control schemes for emerging and sudden infectious diseases, health emergency response strategies for public health emergencies, skills in dealing with infectious diseases such as protection, isolation, transshipment and disinfection, epidemiological investigation techniques and other public health emergency knowledge and technologies. For details, please refer to the Detailed Rules for Public Health Emergency Response Training (Annex 1).

　　(B) clinical diagnosis and treatment and hospital infection prevention and control capabilities

　　For the key points, the diagnosis and treatment plan and early detection ability of new and sudden infectious diseases, the principle of treatment for critically ill patients, and the system and measures for prevention and control of nosocomial infection, please refer to the Training Rules for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment and Prevention and Control of Hospital Infection (Annex 2) for specific requirements.

　　(3) Pre-hospital medical first aid ability

　　Pre-hospital medical first aid laws and regulations, basic first aid skills, on-site disposal principles, emergency response capabilities, etc. For specific requirements, please refer to the Detailed Rules for Pre-hospital Medical First Aid Training (Annex 3).

　　V. Training Form and Time

　　The integration training of medical care and prevention includes three training modules: course study, practical training and on-the-job training, and the cumulative training time is 6 months.

　　(A) course learning

　　Various laws and regulations, documents and work plans, basic theoretical knowledge, etc., take classroom teaching or internet plus teaching to carry out training.

　　(B) Practical training

　　The contents with high practical requirements, such as public health incident investigation and on-site disposal, personal protection and basic skills of clinical diagnosis and treatment, are carried out by interactive teaching methods combining scenario or simulation teaching, drills and skill assessment.

　　(3) Post exercise

　　According to the training needs and actual work arrangements, the trainees can go to the recognized training bases (including general hospitals, infectious disease hospitals, emergency centers and centers for disease control and prevention, etc.) for short-term training and on-the-job training, and the accumulated training period is not less than half a year before being promoted to the title of deputy senior high school. Among them, clinicians in secondary and tertiary medical institutions go to infectious disease hospitals for one month, emergency centers for not less than three months, and CDC for not less than two months (including course study and practical training); Doctors in emergency center and CDC should go to infectious disease hospital for further study for one month, and general hospital for further study for not less than five months (including course study and practical training).

　　Sixth, the training base

　　According to the training contents, the training bases for medical and prevention integration are the municipal and 16 district centers for disease control and prevention, Beijing Emergency Center, beijing ditan hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing You ‘an Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, and the hospitals where the national standardized training base for internal medicine residents is located. For the list, see the Directory of Beijing Medical and Prevention Integration Training Bases (Annex 4).

　　Seven, training registration, assessment and certification

　　(1) Registration

　　Those who apply for training should fill in the Registration Form of Beijing Medical Prevention Integration Training (Annex 5) and apply to the training department of their unit. After the unit summarizes, they should fill in the Summary Form of Beijing Medical Prevention Integration Training (Annex 6) and put forward training needs to the training base, and the training base will arrange training according to the needs. The specific registration schedule will be announced separately.

　　(2) Examination and certification

　　The training base will assess the personnel who have completed the training. After passing the assessment, the training base will record it on the Training Certificate of Beijing Medical Prevention Integration (Annex 7) and affix the official seal of the unit. "Beijing Medical Prevention Integration Training Certificate" is an important basis for my promotion to deputy senior title.

　　VIII. Safeguard measures

　　(A) to strengthen organizational management

　　The Beijing Municipal Commission of Health and Wellness co-ordinates and manages the training of the integration of medical treatment and prevention in the whole city, sets up an expert committee on the integration of medical treatment and prevention, formulates training plans and detailed rules, makes full use of the high-quality resources of universities, public health institutions and medical institutions in Beijing, compiles training materials, compiles training courseware, organizes training, and supervises and assesses the training work in the whole city. The district health and wellness committees are responsible for mobilizing and deploying the cross-training of medical and prevention integration in medical and health institutions under their jurisdiction, organizing qualified trainees of relevant medical and health institutions to participate in the training, strengthening the construction of regional disease prevention and control centers and emergency stations, and assisting in the coordination and supervision of training. The training base is responsible for implementing the training plan according to the training requirements and registration arrangements, strictly conducting graduation examination, improving the safeguard measures, and effectively ensuring the training quality. The secondary and tertiary medical and health institutions, emergency centers (stations) and CDC shall, according to the training requirements, reasonably arrange relevant professionals to participate in the training, and provide necessary guarantee conditions for the trainees.

　　(B) improve the incentive measures

　　Medical and preventive integration training is included in the compulsory project management of continuing medical education at the municipal level, and continuing education credits can be obtained according to relevant regulations after completing the training. Physicians in internal medicine (internal medicine, pediatrics, emergency department, general practice, infectious diseases department) and emergency centers (stations) and centers for disease control and prevention at all levels in the second and third-level medical institutions in this city shall complete the training of medical prevention integration for not less than half a year before being promoted to the title of deputy high school, and the training time shall be included in the service time of medical personnel to rural grassroots or community health service institutions. From 2021 onwards, those who have completed the training of integration of medical care and prevention will be recommended for promotion first, and from 2023 onwards, it will be one of the necessary conditions for promotion. Other physicians who voluntarily participate in and complete the training of integration of medical care and prevention shall apply the provisions of this scheme and be recommended first before being promoted to the title of associate senior high school.

　　(3) Guarantee the investment of funds

　　The training funds for the integration of medical care and prevention are invested by the government, units and society. The municipal finance arranges special funds to ensure the compilation of teaching materials, courseware recording, practical teaching, supervision and assessment, etc. The training base provides necessary learning and living conditions for the implementation of training. The unit where the trainees work provides them with convenient conditions and guarantees their treatment during the training period. Encourage social funds to support the training of medical and prevention integration.

　　Attachment: 1. Detailed Rules for Training Public Health Emergency Response Capability

　　　　　2. Training rules for clinical diagnosis and treatment and hospital infection prevention and control ability

　　　　　3. Pre-hospital medical emergency ability training rules

　　　　　4. List of Beijing Medical Prevention Integration Training Bases

　　　　　5. Beijing Medical Prevention Integration Training Registration Form

　　　　　6. Beijing Medical Prevention Integration Training Summary Table

　　　　　7. Beijing Medical Prevention Integration Training Certificate

Annex 1

Detailed Rules for Training Public Health Emergency Response Ability

　　First, the basic knowledge of public health emergency management

　　(1) Training time: 6 hours of theoretical teaching and 6 hours of practical training.

　　(2) Training place: municipal and district disease prevention and control institutions.

　　(3) Training contents:

　　1. Be familiar with the contents of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in People’s Republic of China (PRC), and master the relevant rights, obligations and work requirements of employees in medical and health institutions.

　　2. Learn the Regulations of Beijing Municipality on the Administration of Public Health Emergencies, and understand the definition standards, disposal procedures and management requirements of major public health emergencies.

　　Second, infectious disease monitoring and management

　　(1) Training time: 12 hours of theoretical teaching and 1-2 weeks of practical training.

　　(2) Training place: municipal and district disease prevention and control institutions.

　　(3) Training contents:

　　1. Familiar with the legal infectious diseases and classification, understand the information reporting and management norms of infectious diseases and public health emergencies, and master the management process and basic requirements of infectious disease epidemic monitoring report.

　　2. Be familiar with the operation and operation of the network direct reporting system of infectious diseases, and master the definition and standard of routine reporting information.

　　3. Master the principles, methods and main evaluation indexes of quality verification of infectious disease epidemic reports in medical institutions, and write quality evaluation reports.

　　Iii. Epidemiological investigation and on-site disposal

　　(1) Training time: 24 hours of theoretical teaching, 6 hours of practical training and 4-6 weeks of on-the-job training.

　　(2) Training place: municipal and district disease prevention and control institutions.

　　(3) Training contents:

　　1. Understand the concept of epidemic situation of infectious diseases, general principles and procedures for investigation and handling; To master the purpose, significance, basic principles and contents of epidemiological investigation.

　　2. Understand the definition, general investigation and handling principles and procedures of outbreaks, major epidemics and public health emergencies.

　　3. Understand the basic knowledge of diseases requiring case investigation and the main epidemic control measures.

　　4. Understand the judgment criteria, investigation and handling principles and handling procedures of clustering cases and outbreaks of key infectious diseases.

　　5. Master the principles, objectives, significance, technical standards and contents of the main control measures for infectious diseases. Including the judgment of close contacts and cases, isolation management, active search method, disinfection of environment and articles, protection of susceptible people, etc.

　　6. Master the collection and transportation methods and norms of biological samples and external environmental samples in the epidemic situation of infectious diseases.

　　7. Master the epidemiological investigation skills and the specifications and requirements for writing investigation reports.

Annex 2

Training rules for clinical diagnosis and treatment and hospital infection prevention and control ability

　　I. Training Time

　　Post exercise for 6 months, including 1 month in infectious disease hospital and 5 months in general hospital.

　　Second, the training place

　　Infectious disease specialist hospital (beijing ditan hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University and Beijing You ‘an Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University) and general hospital (Beijing standardized training base for resident doctors).

　　Third, the training content

　　(1) Personnel of public health institutions

(1) Personnel of public health institutions. png

　　Participate in the daily work and teaching activities of the Sense Control Department by participating in patient management, clinical rounds and various teaching activities. Learn professional theoretical knowledge and skills related to the training requirements of the ability of combining medical treatment with prevention.

　　Infectious Disease

　　1. Rotation purpose

　　Master:

　　(1) Disinfection, isolation and protection measures for infectious diseases;

　　(2) novel coronavirus’s knowledge of etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic basis, differential diagnosis and treatment principles;

　　(3) Etiological knowledge, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic basis, differential diagnosis and treatment principles of influenza and avian influenza;

　　(4) legal infectious disease reporting and handling procedures.

　　Familiar with:

　　(1) Clinical epidemiology and prevention of nosocomial infection;

　　(2) Etiological knowledge, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic basis, differential diagnosis and treatment principles of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and plague;

　　(3) Principles of diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of intestinal infectious diseases such as typhoid fever, bacillary dysentery, amoebiasis and bacterial food poisoning; Etiological knowledge, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic basis, differential diagnosis and treatment principles of norovirus-infected diarrhea;

　　(4) Etiological knowledge, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic basis, differential diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis A, B, C and E; Antiviral treatment of chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C;

　　(5) Etiological knowledge, natural history, clinical manifestations, primary screening and confirmation, and antiviral treatment principles of human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS);

　　Understand:

　　(1) Etiological knowledge, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic basis, differential diagnosis and treatment of new Bunia virus infection (fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome);

　　(2) Etiological knowledge, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic basis, differential diagnosis and treatment of yellow fever, dengue fever, Zika and malaria;

　　(3) Etiological knowledge, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic basis, differential diagnosis and treatment of anthrax and brucellosis; Etiological knowledge, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic basis, differential diagnosis and treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever

　　(4) Diagnosis and treatment of parasitic diseases;

　　(5) Pathogenesis and anti-shock treatment of sepsis and septic shock;

　　(6) Clinical application of antibacterial drugs.

　　2. Basic requirements

　　(1) learning symptoms, disease requirements:

(1) learning symptoms, disease requirements. png

　　No less than 12 inpatients are required to participate in the management.

　　(2) Basic skill requirements:

　　Procedures for disinfection and isolation; Graded protection requirements. Carry out intensive practice rotation in fever clinic

　　3. Higher requirements

　　On the basis of basic requirements, you should also learn the following diseases and skills.

　　(1) learning diseases:

　　Diagnostic thinking of infectious mononucleosis, toxoplasmosis, rabies and fever of unknown origin.

　　(2) Clinical knowledge and skills requirements:

　　Lumbar puncture operation

　　Cardiovascular Department (1 month)

　　1. Rotation purpose

　　Familiar with: the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of common symptoms of cardiovascular system (including chest pain, dyspnea, palpitation and syncope); Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of common cardiovascular diseases; Diagnosis and treatment of acute and severe cardiovascular diseases; Application of commonly used drugs for cardiovascular diseases; Common typical ECG diagnosis; Electrical defibrillation technology.

　　Understanding: Basic knowledge of cardiac electrophysiology, coronary angiography, PCI therapy, cardiac pacing, ambulatory electrocardiogram, ambulatory blood pressure and echocardiography.

　　2. Basic requirements

　　(1) trainee symptoms, disease requirements

(1) trainee symptoms, disease requirements. png

　　It is required to participate in the management of at least 10 inpatients.

　　(2) Basic inspection and operation trainee

(2) Basic inspection and operation trainee. png

　　Respiratory medicine (1 month)

　　1. Rotation purpose

　　Familiar with: the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of cough, expectoration, hemoptysis and dyspnea; Epidemiological characteristics, diagnosis and treatment principles of upper respiratory tract infection and influenza; Diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia; Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment principles of bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Clinical manifestations, principles of diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer; Concept, classification, clinical manifestations and principles of diagnosis and treatment of respiratory failure.

　　Understand: the pathogenic examination method of pneumonia, the operation method and clinical significance of bronchoscope and medical thoracoscope, the inhalation treatment of respiratory drugs, and the method of quitting smoking.

　　2. Basic requirements

　　(1) Learning symptoms, diseases and cases:

(1) Learning symptoms, diseases and cases. png

　　Participate in the management of the number of inpatients is not less than 10 cases.

　　(2) Basic inspection and operation trainee

(2) Basic inspection and operation trainee. jpg

　　Emergency department (1 month)

　　1. Rotation purpose

　　Mastery: Basic methods of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

　　Familiarity: clinical characteristics and preliminary treatment of common emergencies; Commonly used first aid drugs (cardiopulmonary resuscitation, anaphylactic shock, etc.).

　　Understand: emergency department working mode, triage grading standard, emergency department prevention and control workflow and special requirements of prevention and control, including nursing workflow and characteristics.

　　2. Basic requirements

　　(1) Learn the disease requirements: common antibiotics for lung infection and treatment of drug-resistant infection, screening and disposal of emergency influenza cases, identification of rash caused by clinical drug allergy, and participation in the treatment of resuscitation cases from cardiac and respiratory arrest.

　　(2) Clinical first aid skills: master the implementation methods of basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

　　Internal medicine ICU/ respiratory ICU/ comprehensive ICU (for one month)

　　1. Rotation purpose

　　Familiar with: evaluation and transport of critically ill patients; Airway management; Basic hemodynamic monitoring; Clinical application of commonly used first-aid drugs (cardiopulmonary resuscitation and vasoactive drugs, antibacterial drugs, antiarrhythmic drugs, antispasmodic and antiasthmatic drugs, etc.); Diagnosis, treatment and isolation of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.

　　Understand: the basic principle and common modes of mechanical ventilation; Deep venous thromboembolism; Severe systemic infection and septic shock; Sedation and analgesia; Monitoring of nervous system function; Indications and clinical application of nutritional support.

　　2. Basic requirements

　　(1) trainee symptoms, disease requirements

Probation symptoms, disease requirements. png

　　(2) Basic skills training

Basic skills trainee. png

　　Sensory control office (1 month)

　　1. Rotation purpose

　　Master:

　　Laws, regulations, rules and regulations related to hospital infection management, key technologies of hospital infection prevention and control, including methods of hospital infection monitoring, principles of disinfection, standard prevention and isolation, prevention and control requirements of multi-drug resistant bacteria infection, prevention and control requirements of surgical site infection, monitoring and control requirements of central venous catheter-related infection, catheter-related urinary tract infection and ventilator-associated pneumonia, and key requirements of infection prevention and control in key departments such as operating room, disinfection supply center and infectious diseases department. Disease prevention and control hospital management process, medical staff’s own protection knowledge and skills, etc.

　　The legal and regulatory requirements, systems and processes of disease control, especially infectious disease management, infectious disease reports, management points of fever clinics, and the connection mechanism with hospital infection management and off-campus management departments.

　　Understand:

　　Diagnostic criteria of hospital infection cases, common methods and technical points of hospital disinfection, key points of isolation technology and key points and difficulties in implementation. Key points and difficulties in hospital infection prevention and control in key parts and departments. Difficulties in the implementation of disease prevention and control in hospitals.

　　Occupational protection of medical staff, monitoring of various diseases including respiratory infectious diseases and AFP, health education of patients, management of chronic diseases of patients, management of disease control information, etc.

　　2. Basic requirements

　　(1) be familiar with the basic requirements and key points of relevant laws, regulations, systems and processes of hospital infection management.

　　(2) Complete hospital infection monitoring in 3 internal medicine wards, 3 surgical wards and 1 intensive care unit (completed under the guidance).

　　(3) Participate in monthly on-site supervision of wards and intensive care units.

　　(4) Complete the study of infection prevention and control points and supervision points in key departments such as operation department, disinfection supply center, intensive care unit, hemodialysis center and endoscopic center.

　　(5) to participate in the management and supervision of occupational protection of medical staff in the whole hospital.

　　(6) Be familiar with the laws, regulations, systems, processes, management principles and requirements of hospital infection prevention and control of infectious diseases.

　　(7) Master the management requirements and key points of fever clinic.

　　(8) Grasp the key points and difficulties of infectious disease management, especially respiratory infectious disease management.

　　3. Higher requirements

　　(1) Management requirements for the rational use of antibacterial drugs.

　　(2) Participate in a project of hospital infection prevention and control and implement it.

　　(3) can independently handle and manage the hospital infection management in the ward.

　　(4) To design an investigation scheme for the cluster epidemic situation of hospital infection.

　　(5) Be able to independently inspect the work of infection control and infectious diseases in fever clinics.

　　(6) Be able to independently coordinate and handle the management requirements and procedures of patients with respiratory infectious diseases in the hospital.

　　(2) Personnel of pre-hospital medical emergency institutions

(2) Personnel of pre-hospital medical emergency institutions. png

　　Participate in the daily work and teaching activities of the Sense Control Department by participating in patient management, clinical rounds and various teaching activities. Learn professional theoretical knowledge related to the training requirements of the ability of combining medical treatment with prevention.

　　Infectious Disease

　　1. Rotation purpose

　　Familiar with:

　　(1) Disinfection, isolation and protection measures for infectious diseases;

　　(2) novel coronavirus’s knowledge of etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic basis, differential diagnosis and treatment principles;

　　(3) Etiological knowledge, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic basis, differential diagnosis and treatment principles of influenza and avian influenza;

　　(4) Etiological knowledge, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic basis, differential diagnosis and treatment principles of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and plague;

　　(5) Principles of diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of intestinal infectious diseases such as typhoid fever, bacillary dysentery, amoebiasis and bacterial food poisoning; Etiological knowledge, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic basis, differential diagnosis and treatment principles of norovirus-infected diarrhea;

　　(6) Etiological knowledge, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic basis, differential diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis A, B, C and E; Antiviral treatment of chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C;

　　(7) Etiological knowledge, natural history, clinical manifestations, primary screening and confirmation, and antiviral treatment principles of human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS);

　　(8) Reporting and handling procedures for legal infectious diseases.

　　Understand:

　　(1) Clinical epidemiology and prevention of nosocomial infection;

　　(2) Etiological knowledge, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic basis, differential diagnosis and treatment of new Bunia virus infection (fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome);

　　(3) Etiological knowledge, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic basis, differential diagnosis and treatment of yellow fever, dengue fever, Zika and malaria;

　　(4) Etiological knowledge, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic basis, differential diagnosis and treatment of anthrax and brucellosis; Etiological knowledge, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic basis, differential diagnosis and treatment of Ebola hemorrhagic fever

　　(5) Diagnosis and treatment of parasitic diseases;

　　(6) Pathogenesis and anti-shock treatment of sepsis and septic shock;

　　(7) Clinical application of antibacterial drugs.

　　2. Basic requirements

　　(1) learning symptoms, disease requirements:

Learning symptoms and disease requirements:. png

　　No less than 12 inpatients are required to participate in the management.

　　(2) Basic skill requirements:

　　Procedures for disinfection and isolation; Graded protection requirements. Carry out intensive practice rotation in fever clinic

　　3. Higher requirements

　　On the basis of basic requirements, you should also learn the following diseases and skills.

　　(1) learning diseases:

　　Diagnostic thinking of infectious mononucleosis, toxoplasmosis, rabies and fever of unknown origin.

　　(2) Clinical skill requirements:

　　Lumbar puncture operation (2 cases on probation).

　　Emergency department (1 month)

　　1. Rotation purpose

　　Master: classification standard of patients admitted in hospital, judgment of disease severity, disease severity and risk score, diagnosis and treatment process of chest pain center, and diagnosis and treatment process of stroke center; Master the reporting process and prevention and control points of infectious diseases in emergency; Basic theory and progress of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); Diagnostic thinking, differential diagnosis and treatment of common emergencies; Selection, result judgment and clinical significance of auxiliary examination for common emergencies; Rational clinical use of commonly used first-aid drugs (cardiopulmonary resuscitation and vasoactive drugs, cardiotonic diuretics, antispasmodic and antiasthmatic drugs, analgesics, hemostatic drugs, antiarrhythmic drugs, etc.).

　　Understand: the principles of handling various crises (such as hypertension crisis, thyroid crisis, etc.), serious disorder of water electrolyte and acid-base balance.

　　2. Basic requirements

　　(1) learning symptoms, disease requirements:

Learning symptoms and disease requirements -1.png

　　The total number of patients who are required to participate in the consultation and treatment is not less than 50.

　　(2) Basic skill requirements:

Basic skill requirements -1.png

　　3. Higher requirements

　　On the basis of basic requirements, you should also learn the following diseases and skills.

　　(1) disease requirements: multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)

　　(2) Clinical knowledge and skill requirements: the basic clinical application of invasive ventilation.

　　(3) Report 2 clinical cases (PPT presentation)

　　Respiratory medicine (1 month)

　　1. Rotation purpose

　　Master: the diagnostic thinking and differential diagnosis of hemoptysis, chest pain and dyspnea; Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of common respiratory diseases (pneumonia, bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary embolism, respiratory failure and pneumothorax); Usage and rational application of inhaled drugs; Indications and contraindications of bronchoscopy and medical thoracoscope examination and treatment; Interpretation of arterial blood gas analysis.

　　Understanding: lung cancer, sleep apnea hypopnea, pleural effusion; Mechanical ventilation and noninvasive ventilation technology; Atomization therapy; Interpretation of lung function examination.

　　2. Basic requirements

　　(1) Learning symptoms, diseases and cases:

(1) Learning symptoms, diseases and cases. png

　　It is required to participate in the management of at least 10 inpatients.

　　(2) Basic skills training:

Basic skills trainee -1.png

　　3. Higher requirements

　　On the basis of basic requirements, you should also learn the following diseases and skills.

　　(1) learning diseases:

　　Lung cancer, tuberculosis, pleural effusion, sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome.

　　(2) Clinical knowledge and skills requirements:

　　Probation: bronchoscopy, pulmonary function examination, polysomnography and respiratory monitoring. Imaging examination and interpretation of common respiratory diseases;

　　Participation: mechanical ventilation, noninvasive ventilation.

　　(3) Requirements for foreign language, teaching, scientific research and other abilities:

　　Complete a foreign literature review or reading report, and participate in teaching and research activities.

　　Cardiovascular Department (1 month)

　　1. Rotation purpose

　　Master: applied anatomy and physiology of cardiovascular system; Anatomical and functional characteristics of cardiac conduction system; Diagnostic ideas and differential diagnosis of common symptoms of cardiovascular system (including chest pain, dyspnea, palpitation, syncope and dizziness); Pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of common cardiovascular diseases; Diagnosis and treatment of acute and severe cardiovascular diseases; Rational use of commonly used drugs for cardiovascular diseases; Chest x-ray manifestations of common cardiac morphological abnormalities; Common typical ECG diagnosis; Electrical defibrillation technology.

　　Understanding: Basic knowledge of cardiac electrophysiology, coronary angiography, PCI therapy, pericardiocentesis, cardiac pacing, ambulatory electrocardiogram, ambulatory blood pressure and echocardiography.

　　2. Basic requirements

　　(1) Learning symptoms, diseases and cases:

Requirements for learning symptoms, diseases and cases -1.png

　　No less than 15 inpatients are required to participate in the management.

　　(2) Basic skills training:

　　3. Higher requirements

　　On the basis of basic requirements, you should also learn the following diseases and skills.

　　(1) learning diseases:

　　Pericardial disease, pulmonary vascular disease, infective endocarditis, common adult congenital heart disease.

　　(2) Clinical knowledge and skills requirements:

　　Understanding: pericardiocentesis, temporary cardiac pacing.

　　Interpretation of the report: ambulatory blood pressure, ambulatory electrocardiogram and echocardiography.

　　(3) Requirements for foreign language, teaching, scientific research and other abilities:

　　Complete a foreign literature review or reading report, and participate in teaching and research activities.

　　Internal medicine ICU/ respiratory ICU/ general ICU(1 month)

　　1. Rotation purpose

　　Master: diagnosis and emergency treatment of common critical diseases; Evaluation and transport of critically ill patients; Airway management; Basic principles and common modes of mechanical ventilation; Basic hemodynamic monitoring; Clinical application of commonly used first aid drugs (cardiopulmonary resuscitation and vasoactive drugs, antihypertensive drugs, antiarrhythmic drugs, antispasmodic and antiasthmatic drugs, antiepileptic drugs, etc.); Infection and clinical application of antibacterial drugs; Indications of blood transfusion; Indications and clinical application of nutritional support; Diagnosis and treatment of acid-base imbalance and electrolyte disorder.

　　Understanding: Advanced cardiac life support therapy (ACLS); Tension pneumothorax; Venous thromboembolic diseases; Severe systemic infection and septic shock; Bedside respiratory function monitoring (airway resistance, respiratory system compliance); Bedside cardiac output monitoring (preload, afterload, myocardial contractility); Sedation and analgesia; Monitoring of nervous system function (intracranial pressure, jugular bulb oxygen saturation).

　　2. Basic requirements

　　(1) Learning symptoms, diseases and cases:

Requirements for learning symptoms, diseases and cases -2.png

　　It is required to participate in the management of at least 10 inpatients.

　　(2) Basic skills training:

Basic Skills Internship -2.png

　　3. Higher requirements

　　On the basis of basic requirements, you should also learn the following diseases and skills.

　　(1) disease requirements:

　　Tension pneumothorax, venous thromboembolic diseases, severe systemic infection and septic shock.

　　(2) Clinical knowledge and skills requirements:

　　Arterial puncture (operation), bedside cardiac output and respiratory function monitoring, head, chest and abdomen imaging examination and interpretation, nervous system function monitoring, tension pneumothorax diagnosis and treatment.

　　(3) Requirements for foreign language, teaching, scientific research and other abilities:

　　1 foreign literature review or reading report; Participate in teaching and scientific research activities.

　　Sensory control office (1 month)

　　1. Rotation purpose

　　Master: requirements, systems and processes of relevant laws and regulations on hospital infection management and infectious disease management, key technologies of hospital infection prevention and control, including methods of hospital infection monitoring, standard prevention, principles of hand hygiene and disinfection, isolation principle, requirements for hospital infection prevention and control of multi-drug resistant bacteria, and disposal of medical wastes. Emergency plan for prevention and control of nosocomial infection, knowledge and skills of medical staff’s own protection, hospital management process of disease prevention and control, and requirements for reporting infectious diseases.

　　Understand: the commonly used methods and technical points of hospital disinfection, the key points of isolation technology and the key and difficult points of implementation. Difficulties in hospital implementation of disease prevention and control.

　　2. Basic requirements

　　(1) through the diagnosis and treatment work, master the hospital infection management and infectious disease management related laws and regulations, systems and processes.

　　(2) Master the principles and reporting requirements of hospital infection prevention and control of infectious diseases.

　　(3) Through clinical diagnosis and treatment, master the standard prevention, hand hygiene, prevention and control measures of multi-drug resistant bacteria infection, etc.

　　(4) Through clinical diagnosis and treatment, master the reporting requirements of pre-inspection and triage and infectious diseases.

　　(5) Through clinical practice, master the classification requirements of medical staff’s self-protection, the corresponding protection skills and the emergency treatment process of occupational exposure.

　　(6) Through drills, master the emergency plan and disposal process of hospital infection prevention and control.

　　3. Higher requirements

　　(1) through the diagnosis and treatment work, master the hospital infection monitoring methods and diagnostic criteria.

　　(2) Master the rational use of antibacterial drugs.

　　(3) Complete the study of infection prevention and control points and supervision points in key departments such as emergency department, ward, operation department, disinfection supply center, intensive care unit, hemodialysis center and endoscopic center.

　　(4) Understand the requirements and measures of isolation and the classification and disposal of medical wastes.

　　(5) Be familiar with the specific requirements and measures of infection prevention and control in various invasive operations.

　　Fourth, training registration

　　(1) CDC unit: Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

　　Tel: 64407255

　　(2) Pre-hospital medical emergency system Unit: Beijing Emergency Center

　　Tel: 66098037

Annex 3

Detailed rules for pre-hospital medical first aid ability training

　　I. Training Time

　　On-the-job training lasts for 3 months, including 1 week of rotation training, 1 week of internship with the car and 10 weeks of independent duty.

　　Second, the training place

　　Beijing Emergency Center and emergency center stations in all districts (excluding Xicheng District)

　　Third, the training content

　　(1) Rotation training

　　Pre-hospital medical emergency work flow, the use of commonly used emergency supplies and equipment, the handling and transshipment of patients, the identification and disposal of common acute and critical patients in pre-hospital medical emergency, the four basic techniques of trauma, the classification and on-site disposal of emergencies, etc.

　　(2) Internship with the car

　　One-on-one internship with the car under the guidance of the teaching teacher, familiar with the daily workflow of pre-hospital medical first aid, and master the contents learned in the theoretical training course.

　　(3) Independent duty service

　　Independent completion of pre-hospital medical emergency work, in principle, according to the way of 4 shifts and 2 operations, that is, day shift, night shift, night shift and rest, the specific emergency center station is responsible for management.

Annex 4-7.png

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